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To the Teacher: Statistics as a Liberal Discipline | |
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Applications Index | |
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Prelude: Making Sense of Statistics | |
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Statistics and You: What Lies ahead in This Book | |
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About the Authors | |
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Producing Data | |
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Where Do Data Come From? | |
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Case Study | |
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Talking about data: individuals and variables | |
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Observational studies | |
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Sample surveys | |
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Census | |
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Experiments | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Samples, Good and Bad | |
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Case Study | |
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How to sample badly | |
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Simple random samples | |
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Can you trust a sample? | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 2 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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What Do Samples Tell Us? | |
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Case Study | |
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From sample to population | |
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Sampling variability | |
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Margin of error and all that | |
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Confidence statements | |
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Sampling from large populations | |
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Statistical Controversies: Should Election Polls Be Banned? | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 3 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Sample Surveys in the Real World | |
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Case Study | |
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How sample surveys go wrong | |
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Sampling errors | |
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Nonsampling errors | |
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Wording questions | |
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How to live with nonsampling errors | |
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Sample design in the real world | |
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Statistical Controversies: The Harris Poll Online | |
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The challenge of Internet surveys | |
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Probability samples | |
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Questions to ask before you believe a poll | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 4 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Experiments, Good and Bad | |
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Case Study | |
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Talking about experiments | |
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How to experiment badly | |
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Randomized comparative experiments | |
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The logic of experimental design | |
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Statistical significance | |
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How to live with observational studies | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Experiments in the Real World | |
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Case Study | |
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Equal treatment for all | |
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Double-blind experiments | |
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Refusals, nonadherers, and dropouts | |
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Can we generalize? | |
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Experimental design in the real world | |
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Matched pairs and block designs | |
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Statistical Controversies: Is It or Isn't It a Placebo? | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 6 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Data Ethics | |
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Case Study | |
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First principles | |
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Institutional review boards | |
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Informed consent | |
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Confidentiality | |
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Clinical trials | |
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Statistical Controversies: Hope for Sale? | |
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Behavioral and social science experiments | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 7 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Measuring | |
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Case Study | |
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Measurement basics | |
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Know your variables | |
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Measurements, valid and invalid | |
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Measurements, accurate and inaccurate | |
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Statistical Controversies: SAT Exams in College Admissions | |
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Improving reliability, reducing bias | |
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Pity the poor psychologist | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 8 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Do the Numbers A/lake Sense? | |
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Case Study | |
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What didn't they tell us? | |
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Are the numbers consistent with each other? | |
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Are the numbers plausible? | |
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Are the numbers too good to be true? | |
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Is the arithmetic right? | |
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Is there a hidden agenda? | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 9 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Part I Review | |
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Part I Summary | |
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Part I Review Exercises | |
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Part I Projects | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Organizing Data | |
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Graphs, Good and Bad | |
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Case Study | |
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Data tables | |
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Pie charts and bar graphs | |
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Beware the pictogram | |
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Change over time: line graphs | |
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Watch those scales! | |
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Making good graphs | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 10 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Displaying Distributions with Graphs | |
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Case Study | |
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Histograms | |
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Interpreting histograms | |
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Stemplots | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 11 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Describing Distributions with Numbers | |
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Case Study | |
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Median and quartiles | |
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The five-number summary and boxplots | |
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Statistical Controversies: Income Inequality | |
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Mean and standard deviation | |
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Choosing numerical descriptions | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 12 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Normal Distributions | |
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Case Study | |
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Density curves | |
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The center and spread of a density curve | |
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Normal distributions | |
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The 68-95-99.7 rule | |
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Standard scores | |
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Percentiles of Normal distributions* | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 13 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Describing Relationships: Scatterplots and Correlation | |
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Case Study | |
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Scatterplots | |
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Interpreting scatterplots | |
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Correlation | |
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Understanding correlation | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 14 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Describing Relationships: Regression, Prediction, and Causation | |
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Case Study | |
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Regression lines | |
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Regression equations | |
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Understanding prediction | |
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Correlation and regression | |
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The question of causation | |
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Statistical Controversies: Gun Control and Crime | |
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Evidence for causation | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 15 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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The Consumer Price Index and Government Statistics | |
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Case Study | |
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Index numbers | |
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Fixed market basket price indexes | |
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Using the CPI | |
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Understanding the CPI | |
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Statistical Controversies: Does the CPI Overstate Inflation? | |
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The place of government statistics | |
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The question of social statistics | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 16 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Part II Review | |
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Part II Summary | |
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Part II Review Exercises | |
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Part II Projects | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Chance | |
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Thinking about Chance | |
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Case Study | |
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The idea of probability | |
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The ancient history of chance | |
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Myths about chance behavior | |
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Personal probabilities | |
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Probability and risk | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 17 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Probability Models | |
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Case Study | |
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Probability models | |
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Probability rules | |
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Probability models for sampling | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Simulation | |
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Case Study | |
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Where do probabilities come from? | |
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Simulation basics | |
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Thinking about independence | |
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More elaborate simulations | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 19 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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The House Edge: Expected Values | |
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Case Study | |
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Expected values | |
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The law of large numbers | |
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Thinking about expected values | |
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Statistical Controversies: The State of Legalized Gambling | |
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Finding expected values by simulation | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 20 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Part III Review | |
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Part III Summary | |
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Part III Review Exercises | |
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Part III Projects | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Inference | |
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What Is a Confidence Interval? | |
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Case Study | |
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Estimating | |
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Estimating with confidence | |
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Understanding confidence intervals | |
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More on confidence intervals for a population proportion* | |
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The sampling distribution of a sample mean* | |
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Confidence intervals for a population mean* | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chanter 21 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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What Is a Test of Significance? | |
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Case Study | |
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The reasoning of statistical tests of significance | |
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Hypotheses and P-values | |
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Statistical significance | |
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Calculating P-values* | |
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Tests for a population mean* | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 22 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Use and Abuse of Statistical Inference | |
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Case Study | |
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Using inference wisely | |
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The woes of significance tests | |
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The advantages of confidence intervals | |
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Significance at the 5% level isn't magical | |
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Statistical Controversies: Should Significance Tests Be Banned? | |
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Beware of searching for significance | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Two-Way Tables and the Chi-Square Test* | |
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Case Study | |
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Two-way tables | |
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Inference for a two-way table | |
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The chi-square test | |
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Using the chi-square test | |
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Simpson's paradox | |
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Statistics in Summary | |
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Link It | |
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Case Study Evaluated | |
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Chapter 24 Exercises | |
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Exploring the Web | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Part IV Review | |
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Part IV Summary | |
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Part IV Review Exercises | |
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Part IV Projects | |
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Notes and Data Sources | |
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Resolving the Controversy | |
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Solutions to "Now It's Your Turn" Exercises | |
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Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | |
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Index | |
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Random digits | |
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Percentiles of the Normal distributions | |