| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
An Overview of Developmental Events, Processes, and Abnormalities | |
| |
| |
| |
The First and Second Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
The Embryonic Period | |
| |
| |
The Early Embryonic Period | |
| |
| |
| |
The Late Embryonic Period | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fetal Period | |
| |
| |
| |
Histological Concepts | |
| |
| |
Samples of Epithelia and Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
Skin and Embryonic Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
Induction | |
| |
| |
| |
Apoptosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Segmentation and Early Pattern Formation | |
| |
| |
Genetic Determination of Embryonic Axes and Segments | |
| |
| |
| |
Segmentation and Segment Fates | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Adhesion and Cell Migration | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Differentiation and Cell Fates | |
| |
| |
| |
Growth Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification of Abnormal Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification of Multiple Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal Versus Major Versus Minor Malformations | |
| |
| |
| |
Marfan Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
Apert and De Lange Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| |
Examples of Deformations | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of a Deformation Sequence | |
| |
| |
| |
Drug-Induced Embryopathies | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Early Embryonic Development and the Placenta | |
| |
| |
| |
Adult Uterus, Ovaries, and Uterine Tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
Ovary, Ova, and Follicle Development | |
| |
| |
| |
The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Week: . | |
| |
| |
Ovulation, Fertilization and Migration Down the Uterine Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
Ectopic Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| |
Tubal Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| |
Interstitial, Abdominal, and Ovarian Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| |
The Second Week: . | |
| |
| |
Implantation and Extraembryonic Membrane Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Third Week: Gastrulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Events Related to Gastrulation:. | |
| |
| |
Neurulation and Early Placenta and Coelom Development | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fourth Week: Folding of the Gastrula | |
| |
| |
| |
The Vertebrate Body Plan | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of the Placenta | |
| |
| |
| |
The Endometrium and Fetal Membranes | |
| |
| |
| |
Placental Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
External Placental Structure; Placental Membrane | |
| |
| |
| |
Placental Variations | |
| |
| |
| |
Placenta Previa | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Ectodermal Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Endodermal Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Mesodermal Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of the Neural Plate | |
| |
| |
| |
Neurulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Neural Tube and Neural Crest | |
| |
| |
| |
Neural Tube Defects | |
| |
| |
Defects of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column | |
| |
| |
| |
Defects of the Brain and Skull | |
| |
| |
| |
Neuron Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Cellular Sheath of Axons | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Spinal Cord Layers | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
| |
Peripheral Nervous System | |
| |
| |
Development of the Peripheral Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerves | |
| |
| |
| |
Growth of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column | |
| |
| |
| |
Embryonic Dermatomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Adult Dermatomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Brain | |
| |
| |
Early Brain Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Further Development of Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of Major Brain Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Growth of the Cerebral Hemispheres | |
| |
| |
| |
Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Forebrain | |
| |
| |
Forebrain Wall and Ventricles | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship Between Telencephalon and Diencephalon | |
| |
| |
| |
Cross Sections of the Midbrain and Hindbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of Motor Nuclei in the Brainstem | |
| |
| |
| |
Segmentation of the Hindbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Pituitary Gland | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Ventricles | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Ventricular Defects | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Cardiovascular System | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Vascular Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Vein Development | |
| |
| |
Early Development of the Cardinal Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformation to the Postnatal Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
Vein Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Aortic Arch Arteries | |
| |
| |
| |
Artery Anomalies | |
| |
| |
Aortic Arch Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Anomalous Origins of the Pulmonary Arteries | |
| |
| |
| |
Intersegmental Arteries and Coarctation of the Aorta | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Embryonic Blood Vessel Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of Blood Vessels | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of the Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
Formation of the Left and Right Heart Tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of a Single Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
Chambers of the Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
Bending of the Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
Partitioning of the Heart Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
Atrial Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum | |
| |
| |
| |
Completion of the Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum | |
| |
| |
| |
Ventricular Separation and Bulbus Cordis | |
| |
| |
| |
Adult Derivatives of the Heart Tube Chambers | |
| |
| |
| |
Fetal Circulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Transition to Postnatal Circulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Heart Defect Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Ventricular Septal Defects | |
| |
| |
| |
Atrial Septal Defects | |
| |
| |
| |
Spiral Septum Defects | |
| |
| |
| |
Patent Ductus Arteriosus | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Primordia | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of the Pleural Cavities | |
| |
| |
| |
The Relationship Between Lungs and Pleural Cavities | |
| |
| |
| |
Visceral and Parietal Pleura | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Diaphragm | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | |
| |
| |
| |
Airway Branching | |
| |
| |
The Airway at 4 to 7 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
The Airway at 7 to 10 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of Bronchioles and Alveoli | |
| |
| |
| |
Bronchial Epithelium Maturation | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Airway | |
| |
| |
| |
Airway Branching Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration | |
| |
| |
| |
Palate Formation in the Upper Airway | |
| |
| |
| |
The Newborn Upper Airway | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Gastrointestinal System and Abdominal Wall | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Primordia | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of the Gut Tube and Mesenteries | |
| |
| |
| |
Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut | |
| |
| |
| |
Abdominal Veins | |
| |
| |
| |
Foregut and Midgut Rotations | |
| |
| |
| |
Meckel's Diverticulum | |
| |
| |
| |
Lesser Peritoneal Sac | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to the Retroperitoneal Concept | |
| |
| |
| |
Midgut Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
Abdominal Ligaments | |
| |
| |
| |
Abdominal Foregut Organ Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of Pancreatic Acini and Islets | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Pancreatic Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Hindgut | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Anomalies | |
| |
| |
Duplication, Atresia, and Situs Inversus | |
| |
| |
| |
Megacolon (Hirschsprung's Disease) | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Gut Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Abdominal Wall | |
| |
| |
| |
Umbilical Hernia | |
| |
| |
| |
The Inguinal Region | |
| |
| |
| |
Anterior Testis Descent | |
| |
| |
| |
The Adult Inguinal Region | |
| |
| |
| |
Anomalies of the Processus Vaginalis | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Urogenital System | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Primordia | |
| |
| |
| |
Division of the Cloaca | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Cloacal Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Pronephros, Mesonephros, and Metanephros | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Metanephros | |
| |
| |
| |
Ascent and Rotation of the Metanephric Kidneys | |
| |
| |
| |
Kidney Rotation and Migration Anomalies | |
| |
| |
Kidney Rotation Anomalies and Renal Fusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Kidney Migration Anomalies and Blood Vessel Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypoplasia | |
| |
| |
| |
Ureteric Bud Duplication | |
| |
| |
| |
Ectopic Ureters | |
| |
| |
| |
Bladder Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Allantois/Urachus Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Primordia of the Genital System | |
| |
| |
| |
8-Week Undifferentiated (Indifferent) Stage | |
| |
| |
| |
Anterior View of the Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Paramesonephric Duct Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Homologues of the External Genital Organs | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypospadias and Epispadias | |
| |
| |
| |
Gonadal Differentiation | |
| |
| |
| |
Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens | |
| |
| |
| |
Descent of Testis | |
| |
| |
| |
Ova and Follicles | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Urogenital Primordia and Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Genital Primordia and Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| |
Myotomes, Dermatomes, and Sclerotomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Muscle and Vertebral Column Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mesenchymal Primordia at 5 and 6 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
Ossification of the Vertebral Column | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Atlas, Axis, Ribs, and Sternum | |
| |
| |
| |
Bone Cells and Bone Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Histology of Bone | |
| |
| |
| |
Membrane Bone and Skull Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Bone Development in Mesenchyme | |
| |
| |
| |
Osteon Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Compact Bone Development and Remodeling | |
| |
| |
| |
Endochondral Ossification in a Long Bone | |
| |
| |
| |
Epiphyseal Growth Plate | |
| |
| |
Epiphyseal Growth Plate | |
| |
| |
| |
Peripheral Cartilage Function in the Epiphysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure and Function of the Growth Plate | |
| |
| |
| |
Pathophysiology of the Growth Plate | |
| |
| |
| |
Ossification in the Newborn Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| |
Joint Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Muscular System: Primordia | |
| |
| |
| |
Segmentation and Division of Myotomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Epimere, Hypomere, and Muscle Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
Development and Organization of Limb Buds | |
| |
| |
| |
Rotation of the Limbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Limb Rotation and Dermatomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Embryonic Plan of the Brachial Plexus | |
| |
| |
| |
Divisions of the Lumbosacral Plexus | |
| |
| |
| |
Developing Skeletal Muscles | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Head and Neck | |
| |
| |
| |
Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm | |
| |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arches | |
| |
| |
| |
Ventral and Midsagittal Views | |
| |
| |
| |
Fate of the Pharyngeal Pouches | |
| |
| |
| |
Midsagittal View of the Pharynx | |
| |
| |
| |
Fate of the Pharyngeal Grooves | |
| |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Groove and Pouch Anomalies | |
| |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Arch Nerves | |
| |
| |
| |
Sensory Innervation Territories | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | |
| |
| |
Early Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | |
| |
| |
| |
Later Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | |
| |
| |
| |
Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages | |
| |
| |
| |
Ossification of the Skull | |
| |
| |
| |
Premature Suture Closure | |
| |
| |
| |
Cervical Ossification | |
| |
| |
| |
Torticollis | |
| |
| |
| |
Cervical Plexus | |
| |
| |
| |
Orbit | |
| |
| |
| |
Ear Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Adult Ear Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Ear Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Cranial Nerve Primordia | |
| |
| |
| |
Cranial Nerve Neuron Components | |
| |
| |
| |
Parasympathetic Innervation and Unique Nerves | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Face | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Face: 3 to 4 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Face: 4 to 6 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of the Face: 6 to 10 Weeks | |
| |
| |
| |
Palate Formation | |
| |
| |
Palate Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Interior View of Palate Formation; Roof of Oral Cavity | |
| |
| |
| |
Congenital Anomalies of the Oral Cavity | |
| |
| |
| |
Floor of the Oral Cavity | |
| |
| |
| |
Developmental Coronal Sections | |
| |
| |
| |
Tooth Structure and Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Dental Eruption | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology | |