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| About the Author | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Understanding Terrorism: A Conceptual Review | |
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| Defining Terrorism | |
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| Understanding Political Extremism | |
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| Defining Extremism | |
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| Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists | |
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| The World of the Extremist | |
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| Formal and Informal Definitions | |
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| A Sampling of Formal Definitions | |
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| Defining Terrorism in the United States | |
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| Types of Terrorism | |
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| Understanding Terrorist Objectives | |
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| Typical Objectives | |
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| Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies | |
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| Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? | |
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| Perspective 1: Four Quotations | |
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| Perspective 2: Participants in a Terrorist Environment | |
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| Perspective 3: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting? | |
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| The Political Violence Matrix | |
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| A Definitional Dilemma: Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Historical Perspectives and Ideological Origins | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Terrorism | |
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| Antiquity | |
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| The Roman Age | |
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| The Ancient and Medieval Middle East | |
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| The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern Terrorism | |
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| The French Revolution: Prelude to Modern Terrorism | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Europe: Two Examples From the Left | |
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| The Modern Era | |
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| Ideological Origins of Terrorism | |
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| The Classical Ideological Continuum: The Case of the French Revolution | |
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| An Ideological Analysis: From the Extreme Left to the Extreme Right | |
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| Ideology in Practice: From Anarchism to Fascism | |
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| September 11, 2001, and the New Era of Terrorism | |
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| September 11, 2001 | |
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| The New Terrorism | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Causes of Terrorist Violence | |
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| Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice | |
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| Sociological Explanations of Terrorism: Intergroup Conflict and Collective Violence | |
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| Psychological Explanations of Terrorism: Rationality and Terrorist Violence | |
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| Criminological Explanations of Terrorism: The Path to Political Criminality | |
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| Political Violence as Strategic Choice | |
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| Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will | |
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| Perception and Cultural Disconnect: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism | |
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| The Morality of Political Violence | |
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| Moral Convictions of Terrorists | |
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| Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil | |
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| Seeking Utopia | |
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| Codes of Self-Sacrifice | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media | |
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| Understanding the Role of the Media | |
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| Mass Communications and the Terrorists' Message | |
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| Mass Communications and the New Media | |
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| Reporting Terrorism | |
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| Mass Communications and the War for Information | |
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| Practical Considerations: Using the Media | |
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| Information Is Power: The Media as a Weapon | |
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| Problems on the New Battleground: The Risk of Backlash | |
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| Freedom of the Press and Regulating the Media | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Terrorist Environments | |
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| Terrorism by the State | |
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| Perspectives on Terrorism by Governments | |
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| Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism | |
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| State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model | |
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| State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model | |
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| Domestic Terrorism by the State | |
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| Legitimizing State Authority | |
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| State Domestic Authority | |
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| Unofficial Repression: Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism | |
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| Repression as Policy: Official Domestic State Terrorism | |
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| Mass Repression: Genocidal Domestic State Terrorism | |
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| Terrorism as Foreign Policy | |
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| Moral Support: Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship | |
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| Technical Support: Logistically Supportive Sponsorship | |
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| Selective Participation: Episode-Specific Sponsorship | |
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| Active Participation: Joint Operations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Terrorism by Dissidents | |
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| Perspectives on Violent Dissent | |
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| Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision | |
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| Nihilist Dissident Terrorism: Revolution for the Sake of Revolution | |
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| Nationalist Dissident Terrorism: The Aspirations of a People | |
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| Revolutionaries, Nihilists, and Nationalists: Freedom Fighters? | |
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| The Practice of Dissident Terrorism | |
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| Concept: Asymmetrical Warfare | |
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| Antistate Dissident Terrorism | |
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| Intensities of Conflict: Antistate Terrorist Environments | |
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| Communal Terrorism | |
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| Defeat Is Unthinkable: The Terrorists' Faith in Victory | |
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| Terrorist Targets and Weapons | |
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| The Symbolism of Targets | |
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| Weapons Old and New | |
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| Dissidents and the New Terrorism | |
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| The New Dissident Terrorist Morality | |
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| Terrorist Cells and Lone Wolves: New Models for a New War | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Religious Terrorism | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Religious Violence | |
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| Judeo-Christian Antiquity | |
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| Christian Crusades | |
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| The Assassins | |
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| A Secret Cult of Murder | |
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| Modern Arab Islamist Extremism | |
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| Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda | |
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| Religious Scapegoating Case: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion | |
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| The Practice of Religious Terrorism | |
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| Understanding Jihad as a Primary Religious Motive: An Observation and Caveat | |
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| State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism | |
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| Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era | |
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| Trends and Projections | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| International Terrorism | |
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| Understanding International Terrorism | |
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| The Spillover Effect | |
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| Unambiguous International Implications | |
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| Reasons for International Terrorism | |
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| International Terrorist Networks | |
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| International Terrorist Environments | |
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| The International Dimension of the New Terrorism | |
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| Movement Case: The Afghan Arabs at War | |
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| Organization Case: Al Qaeda and International Terrorism | |
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| Wartime Case: Terrorist Violence in Iraq | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Domestic Terrorism in the United States | |
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| Left-Wing Extremism in the United States | |
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| The Rise of Black Power | |
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| Growth of the New Left | |
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| Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States | |
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| Generational Rebellion: New Left Terrorism | |
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| Civil Strife: Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism on the Left | |
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| The Revolution Continues: Leftist Hard Cores | |
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| Single-Issue Violence on the Left | |
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| Right-Wing Extremism in the United States | |
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| Rise of the Antigovernment Patriots | |
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| Racial Supremacy: An Old Problem With New Beginnings | |
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| Racial Mysticism | |
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| Race and the Bible: The Christian Identity Creation Myth | |
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| Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States | |
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| Homegrown Racism: The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan | |
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| Racial Mysticism: Neo-Nazi Terrorism | |
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| Patriot Threats | |
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| Case in Point: Moralist Terrorism | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| The Terrorist Battleground | |
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| Counterterrorism and the War on Terrorism | |
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| The Use of Force | |
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| Maximum Use of Force: Suppression Campaigns | |
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| War in the Shadows, Part 1: Coercive Covert Operations | |
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| Surgical Use of Force: Special Operations Forces | |
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| Operations Other Than War | |
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| War in the Shadows, Part 2: Nonviolent Covert Operations | |
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| Knowing the Enemy: Intelligence | |
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| Hardening the Target: Enhanced Security | |
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| Long-Term Coercion: Economic Sanctions | |
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| Operations Other Than War: Conciliatory Options | |
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| Responding to Grievances: Social Reform | |
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| Giving Them What They Want: Concessionary Options | |
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| Legalistic Responses | |
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| Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism | |
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| Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism | |
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| International Law: Legalistic Responses by the World Community | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Homeland Security | |
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| Homeland Security in Perspective | |
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| The Threat from Homegrown Jihadists | |
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| Crisis and Homeland Security | |
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| Homeland Security in the United States | |
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| Counterterrorist Laws | |
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| Homeland Security Agencies | |
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| Law Enforcement and Bureaucracy: The Federal Context | |
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| The U.S. Intelligence Community: Mission and Challenges | |
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| Civil Liberties and Securing the Homeland | |
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| Security and Liberty | |
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| Balancing Civil Liberties and Homeland Security | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Web Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Future Trends and Projections | |
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| What Does the Future Hold? | |
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| Whither the Old Terrorism? | |
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| New Threats | |
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| Terrorist Environments in the 21st Century | |
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| The World in Conflict: Future Sources of Terrorism | |
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| High-Tech Terrorism | |
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| The Future of International Terrorism in the United States | |
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| The Future of the Violent Left in the United States | |
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| The Future of the Violent Right in the United States | |
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| Revisiting the War on Terrorism | |
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| Government Responses | |
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| Societal Responses | |
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| Countering Extremism | |
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| New Fronts in a New War | |
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| Continued Utility of Force | |
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| Countering Terrorist Financial Operations | |
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| Counterterrorist Surveillance Technologies | |
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| The Case for International Cooperation | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Terrorism on the Web | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Map References: Appendices B-F are Included on the open-Access Student Study Site: www.sagepub.com/martiness3e | |
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| (Online): National Intelligence Estimate: The Terrorist Threat to the Us Homeland | |
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| (Online): 2011 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community | |