| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Second Edition Preface | |
| |
| |
| Third Edition Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Overview of This Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Goals of This Book | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Whys and Hows of Hate Crime Laws | |
| |
| |
| Punishing Hate Before Hate Crime Laws | |
| |
| |
| Arguments for Having Hate Crime Laws | |
| |
| |
| Retribution: Hate Crimes Are Different From Ordinary Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Deterrence | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Effects | |
| |
| |
| The Birth of Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Laws Today | |
| |
| |
| State | |
| |
| |
| Federal | |
| |
| |
| Hate Speech | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: The ADL Perspective on Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Hate Debate: Constitutional and Policy Problems | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Laws and the Constitution | |
| |
| |
| Motive | |
| |
| |
| Are Hate Crimes Thought Crimes? | |
| |
| |
| Do Hate Crime Laws Have a "Chilling Effect"? | |
| |
| |
| Other Constitutional Issues | |
| |
| |
| Which Groups Should Be Protected? | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| Homelessness | |
| |
| |
| Factors That Affect States' Decisions About Which Groups to Protect | |
| |
| |
| Identifying and Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Victims' Reporting of Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Police Responses to Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Paradoxical Effects of Hate Crime Laws | |
| |
| |
| Hare Crime Laws Might Inspire Complacency | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Laws Might Cause Resentment of Minorities | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Laws Might Disempower Minorities | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Laws Might Increase Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Prosecuting Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Committing Hate: Who and Why | |
| |
| |
| The Offender Profile | |
| |
| |
| The "Typical" Offender | |
| |
| |
| Offender Motivations | |
| |
| |
| The Psychology of Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Growing Up Racist, I | |
| |
| |
| How Stereotypes Affect Us | |
| |
| |
| What Makes a Bigot? | |
| |
| |
| The Role of the Family | |
| |
| |
| Situational factors | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Growing Up Racist, II | |
| |
| |
| Bullying | |
| |
| |
| Why Do People Join Organized Hate Groups? | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organized Hate | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Hate Group? | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Defining Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics Shared by All Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics Shared by Most Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Hate Group Typologies | |
| |
| |
| Major American Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| The Ku Klux Klan | |
| |
| |
| Racist Skinheads | |
| |
| |
| The Racist Militia Movement | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: At a Klan Rally, I | |
| |
| |
| Hate Group Ideologies | |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| Racial Separatism | |
| |
| |
| Religion | |
| |
| |
| Common Antipathy for the Same Groups | |
| |
| |
| Common Antipathy for Particular Beliefs and Actions | |
| |
| |
| Hate Group Recruitment and Defection | |
| |
| |
| Recruitment | |
| |
| |
| Defection | |
| |
| |
| Births and Deaths of Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Hate Group Activities | |
| |
| |
| Meetings | |
| |
| |
| Rallies | |
| |
| |
| Propaganda | |
| |
| |
| Internet | |
| |
| |
| Organized Political Activity | |
| |
| |
| Socializing | |
| |
| |
| Women in Organized Hate | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: At a Klan Rally, II | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hate Crime Victims | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Identifying Hate Crime Victims | |
| |
| |
| Difficulties in Reporting | |
| |
| |
| Difficulties in Recording | |
| |
| |
| Difficulties With Self-Reports | |
| |
| |
| Official Hate Crime Data | |
| |
| |
| Advocacy Group Data | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crimes Against African Americans | |
| |
| |
| Hare Crimes Against African Americans, Yesterday | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crimes Against African Americans, Today | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crimes Against African Americans, Tomorrow | |
| |
| |
| Anti-Semitic Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Anti-Semitism in the United States Today | |
| |
| |
| Why the Jews? | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crimes Against LGBT People | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: A Victim's Testimony | |
| |
| |
| How Common Are Antigay Hate Crimes? | |
| |
| |
| Why Homophobic Hate Crimes? | |
| |
| |
| Other Victims | |
| |
| |
| Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| Disability | |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Aftermath of a Murder | |
| |
| |
| Homelessness | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fighting Hate | |
| |
| |
| The Psychology of Reducing Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Theories and Models | |
| |
| |
| Changing Legal, Social, or Cultural Messages | |
| |
| |
| Antihate Groups | |
| |
| |
| The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) | |
| |
| |
| The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) | |
| |
| |
| The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWQ | |
| |
| |
| National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) | |
| |
| |
| Other Antihate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Common Features of Antihate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Government Initiatives for Fighting Hate | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: A Mother Fights Hate | |
| |
| |
| Other Antihate Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Local Initiatives | |
| |
| |
| The Internet | |
| |
| |
| Dealing With Hate Crime Offenders | |
| |
| |
| Ways to Promote Rehabilitation | |
| |
| |
| Civil Remedies | |
| |
| |
| Assessing Efforts to Fight Hate | |
| |
| |
| Effectiveness of Major Approaches to Fighting Hate | |
| |
| |
| The Contact Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| Social Recategorization | |
| |
| |
| Changing the Laws | |
| |
| |
| Changing Cultural Norms | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Portrait of an Offender in Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Global Hate: International Problems and Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Distinguishing Hate Crimes From Other Events | |
| |
| |
| The Narrow Study of Global Hate | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Nationalism and the Radical Right | |
| |
| |
| Five Countries' Approaches to Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Germany | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina | |
| |
| |
| United Kingdom | |
| |
| |
| Australia | |
| |
| |
| Canada | |
| |
| |
| Croatia | |
| |
| |
| Commonalities and Differences | |
| |
| |
| A Global Hate Network | |
| |
| |
| Links Between Hate Groups | |
| |
| |
| The Internet | |
| |
| |
| White Power Music | |
| |
| |
| Policing Hate Across Borders | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Portrait: When Hate Leads to Genocide | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Future of Hate | |
| |
| |
| New Research | |
| |
| |
| Areas Where Research Is Needed | |
| |
| |
| Why Do Research? | |
| |
| |
| Better Data Collection | |
| |
| |
| Law Enforcement Responses | |
| |
| |
| Police | |
| |
| |
| Prosecutors | |
| |
| |
| Legislation | |
| |
| |
| Groups Protected | |
| |
| |
| Civil Actions | |
| |
| |
| Legislation Concerning Law Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| Globalized Hate | |
| |
| |
| Fighting Hate | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Young People | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Bias in State Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Prejudices in Society | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Internet Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selected International Hate Crime Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selected Resources on Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Film Suggestions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |