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| Tables and Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Foundations of Law in the United States | |
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| Definition of Law | |
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| Sources of Law in the United States | |
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| Types of Law | |
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| Functions of Law | |
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| The United States and the Rule of Law | |
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| A Litigious Society | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Federal Judicial System | |
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| The Historical Context | |
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| The U.S. Supreme Court | |
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| The U.S. Courts of Appeals | |
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| U.S. District Courts | |
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| Constitutional Courts, Legislative Courts, and Courts of Specialized Jurisdiction | |
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| Administrative and Staff Support in the Federal Judiciary | |
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| Federal Court Workload | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| State Judicial Systems | |
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| Historical Development of State Courts | |
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| State Court Organization | |
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| Norm Enforcement in the State Courts | |
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| The Courtroom Work Group | |
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| Administrative Hearings in the States | |
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| Policymaking in the State Courts | |
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| Innovation in State Courts | |
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| Administrative and Staff Support in the State Judiciary | |
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| State Court Workload | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Jurisdiction and Policymaking Boundaries | |
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| Federal Courts | |
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| Jurisdiction of State Courts | |
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| Jurisdiction and Legislative Politics | |
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| Judicial Self-Restraint | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| State Judges | |
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| Qualifications and Backgrounds of State Judges | |
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| The Selection Process for State Judges | |
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| The Retirement and Removal of State Judges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Federal Judges | |
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| Background Characteristics of Federal Judges | |
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| Formal and Informal Qualifications of Federal Judges | |
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| The Federal Selection Process and Its Participants | |
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| The Judicial Socialization Process | |
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| The Retirement and Removal of Judges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Policy Links between the Citizenry, the President, and the Federal Judiciary | |
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| The President and the Composition of the Judiciary | |
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| Presidents' Values and Their Appointees' Decisions | |
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| President Barack Obama and the Federal Judiciary | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Lawyers, Litigants, and Interest Groups in the Judicial Process | |
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| Lawyers and the Legal Profession | |
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| Litigants | |
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| Interest Groups in the Judicial Process | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Crime and Procedures prior to a Criminal Trial | |
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| The Nature and Substance of Crime | |
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| Categories of Crime | |
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| Elements of a Crime | |
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| Procedures prior to a Criminal Trial | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Criminal Trial and Its Aftermath | |
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| Procedures during a Criminal Trial | |
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| Procedures after a Criminal Trial | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Civil Court Process | |
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| The Nature and Substance of Civil Law | |
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| The Main Categories of Civil Law | |
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| The Courts and Other Institutions Concerned with Civil Law | |
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| The Civil Trial Process | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Decision Making by Trial Court Judges | |
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| The Legal Subculture | |
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| The Democratic Subculture | |
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| The Subcultures as Predictors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Decision Making in Collegial Courts | |
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| Cue Theory | |
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| Small-Group Analysis | |
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| Attitude Theory | |
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| Rational Choice Theory | |
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| Practical Applications of These Four Approaches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Implementation and Impact of Judicial Policies | |
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| The impact of Higher Court Decisions on Lower Courts | |
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| Congressional Influences on the Implementation Process | |
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| Executive Branch Influences on the Implementation Process | |
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| Other Implemented | |
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| The Impact of Judicial Policies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Thought and Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Policymaking by American Judges: A Synthesis | |
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| The Nature of the Case or Issue | |
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| The Values and Orientations of the Judges | |
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| The Nature of the Judicial Decision-Making Process | |
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| The Impact of Extraneous Influences | |
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| Note | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Annotated Constitution | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| Case Index | |