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| Analytic Contents of Research Techniques | |
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| Preface | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Audience | |
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| Format | |
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| Outline of Chapters | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Preliminary Considerations | |
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| The Selection of a Research Approach | |
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| The Three Approaches to Research | |
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| Three Components Involved in an Approach | |
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| Philosophical Worldviews | |
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| The Postpositivist Worldview | |
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| The Constructivist Worldview | |
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| The Transformative Worldview | |
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| The Pragmatic Worldview | |
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| Research Designs | |
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| Quantitative Designs | |
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| Qualitative Designs | |
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| Mixed Methods Designs | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Research Approaches as Worldviews, Designs, and Methods | |
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| Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach | |
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| The Research Problem and Questions | |
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| Personal Experiences | |
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| Audience | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Review of the Literature | |
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| The Research Topic | |
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| The Literature Review | |
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| The Use of the Literature | |
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| Design Techniques | |
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| Steps in Conducting a Literature Review | |
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| Searching Computerized Databases | |
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| A Priority for Selecting Literature Material | |
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| A Literature Map of the Research | |
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| Abstracting Studies | |
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| Literature Review Abstract in a Quantitative Study | |
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| Literature Review Abstract in a Study Advancing a Typology | |
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| Style Manuals | |
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| The Definition of Terms | |
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| Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section | |
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| Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation | |
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| A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| The Use of Theory | |
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| Quantitative Theory Use | |
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| Variables in Quantitative Research | |
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| Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research | |
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| Forms of Theories in Quantitative Research | |
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| Placement of Quantitative Theories | |
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| Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective | |
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| A Quantitative Theory Section | |
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| Qualitative Theory Use | |
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| Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research | |
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| Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research | |
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| A Theory Early In a Qualitative Study | |
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| A Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study | |
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| Mixed Methods Theory Use | |
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| Social Science Theory Use | |
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| Transformative Paradigm Theory Use | |
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| Theory in a Transformative Mixed Methods Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations | |
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| Writing the Proposal | |
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| Arguments Presented in a Proposal | |
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| Format for a Qualitative Proposal | |
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| A Qualitative Constructivist/Interpretivist Format | |
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| A Qualitative Transformative Format | |
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| Format for a Quantitative Proposal | |
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| A Quantitative Format | |
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| Format for a Mixed Methods Proposal | |
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| A Mixed Methods Format | |
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| Designing the Sections of a Proposal | |
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| Writing Ideas | |
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| Writing as Thinking | |
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| The Habit of Writing | |
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| Readability of the Manuscript | |
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| An Illustration of the Hook-and-Eye Technique | |
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| Voice, Tense, and "Fat" | |
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| Ethical Issues to Anticipate | |
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| Prior to Beginning the Study | |
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| Beginning the Study | |
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| Collecting the Data | |
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| Analyzing the Data | |
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| Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Designing Research | |
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| The Introduction | |
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| The Importance of Introductions | |
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| An Abstract for a Study | |
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| Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions | |
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| A Model for an Introduction | |
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| An Illustration | |
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| The Research Problem | |
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| Studies Addressing the Problem | |
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| Deficiencies in Past Literature | |
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| Deficiencies in the literature-Needed Studies | |
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| Deficiencies in the Literature-Few Studies | |
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| Significance of a Study for Audiences | |
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| Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| The Purpose Statement | |
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| Significance and Meaning of a Purpose Statement | |
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| A Qualitative Purpose Statement | |
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| A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study | |
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| A Purpose Statement in a Case Study | |
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| A Purpose Statement in an Ethnography | |
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| A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study | |
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| A Quantitative Purpose Statement | |
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| A Purpose Statement in a Published Survey Study | |
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| A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study | |
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| A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study | |
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| A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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| A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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| An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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| An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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| Qualitative Research Questions | |
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| A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography | |
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| Qualitative Central Questions From a Case Study | |
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| Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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| A Null Hypothesis | |
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| Directional Hypotheses | |
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| Nondirectional and Directional Hypotheses | |
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| Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses | |
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| A Model for Descriptive Questions and Hypotheses | |
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| Descriptive and Inferential Questions | |
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| Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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| Hypotheses and Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study | |
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| A Mixed Methods Question Written Using Methods and Content Language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Quantitative Methods | |
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| Defining Surveys and Experiments | |
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| Components of a Survey Method Plan | |
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| The Survey Design | |
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| The Population and Sample | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Variables in the Study | |
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| Data Analysis and Interpretation | |
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| A Survey Method Section | |
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| Components of an Experimental Method Plan | |
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| Participants | |
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| Variables | |
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| Instrumentation and Materials | |
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| Experimental Procedures | |
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| Pre-Experimental Designs | |
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| Quasi-experimental Designs | |
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| True Experimental Designs | |
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| Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Threats to Validity | |
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| The Procedure | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Interpreting Results | |
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| An Experimental Method Section | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Qualitative Methods | |
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| The Components of Qualitative Methods | |
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| The Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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| Qualitative Designs | |
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| The Researcher's Role | |
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| Data Collection Procedures | |
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| Data Recording Procedures | |
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| Data Analysis and Interpretation | |
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| Validity and Reliability | |
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| Writing the Qualitative Report | |
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| Qualitative Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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| Components of Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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| Describe Mixed Methods Research | |
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| Types of Mixed Methods Designs | |
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| Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design | |
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| Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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| Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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| Several Advanced Mixed Methods Designs | |
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| Mixed Methods Notation in the Figures | |
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| Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design | |
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| Choice Based on Outcomes Expected | |
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| Choice Based on How the Data Wilt Be Used Together (or Integrated) | |
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| Choice Based on the Timing of the Data Collection | |
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| Choice Based on the Emphasis Placed on Each Database | |
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| Choice Based on Type of Design Most Suited for a Field | |
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| Choice Based on a Single Researcher or Team | |
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| Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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| A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design | |
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| An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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| An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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| A Transformative Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Exercises | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |