| |
| |
| Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Public Policy? | |
| |
| |
| Defining Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Instruments of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Law | |
| |
| |
| Services | |
| |
| |
| Money | |
| |
| |
| Taxes | |
| |
| |
| Other Economic Instruments | |
| |
| |
| Suasion | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of Tools | |
| |
| |
| The Environment of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Conservatism | |
| |
| |
| Participation | |
| |
| |
| Pragmatism | |
| |
| |
| Wealth | |
| |
| |
| Diversity | |
| |
| |
| World Leadership | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Policymaking in American Government | |
| |
| |
| Federalism | |
| |
| |
| Separation of Powers | |
| |
| |
| Subgovernments | |
| |
| |
| Public and Private | |
| |
| |
| The Size and Shape of the Public Sector | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Explaining Policy Choices | |
| |
| |
| Power and Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Policy Process-The Stages Model | |
| |
| |
| Institutional Models of Policy | |
| |
| |
| Advocacy-Coalition Framework | |
| |
| |
| Policy Causes Politics | |
| |
| |
| Policy Styles | |
| |
| |
| Policy Instruments | |
| |
| |
| Bounded Rationality, Multiple Streams, and Incrementalism | |
| |
| |
| The Private Sector, Iron Triangles, and Networks | |
| |
| |
| Optimal Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Constructivist Models | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Making of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agenda Setting and Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Agenda Setting | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Agendas | |
| |
| |
| Who Sets Agendas? | |
| |
| |
| Pluralist Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Elitist Approaches | |
| |
| |
| State-Centric Approaches | |
| |
| |
| From Problem to Issue: How to Get Problems on the Agenda | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of the Problem | |
| |
| |
| Analogous and Spillover Agenda Setting | |
| |
| |
| Relationship to Symbols | |
| |
| |
| The Absence of Private Means | |
| |
| |
| The Availability of Technology | |
| |
| |
| Policy Formulation | |
| |
| |
| Who Formulates Policy? | |
| |
| |
| How to Formulate Policy | |
| |
| |
| Aids for Policy Formulation | |
| |
| |
| Policy Design | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Legitimating Policy Choices | |
| |
| |
| Legislative Legitimation | |
| |
| |
| Regulations and the Administrative Process | |
| |
| |
| Public Access to the Regulatory Process | |
| |
| |
| The Processes of Writing Regulations | |
| |
| |
| The Courts | |
| |
| |
| Popular Legitimation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizations and Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Dramatis Personae | |
| |
| |
| Implementation | |
| |
| |
| The Legislation | |
| |
| |
| Policy Issues | |
| |
| |
| Political Setting | |
| |
| |
| Interest Group Liberalism | |
| |
| |
| The Organizational Setting | |
| |
| |
| Organizational Disunity | |
| |
| |
| Standard Operating Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Organizational Communication | |
| |
| |
| Time Problems | |
| |
| |
| Horseshoe-Nail Problems and Public Planning | |
| |
| |
| Interorganizational Politics | |
| |
| |
| Vertical Implementation Structures | |
| |
| |
| Horizontal Implementation Structures | |
| |
| |
| From the Bottom Up? | |
| |
| |
| The Third Generation? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Budgeting: Allocation and Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of the Federal Budget | |
| |
| |
| An Executive Budget | |
| |
| |
| The Line Item | |
| |
| |
| An Annual Budget | |
| |
| |
| The Budget Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Setting the Parameters: The President and His Friends | |
| |
| |
| Agency Requests | |
| |
| |
| Executive Review | |
| |
| |
| Congressional Action | |
| |
| |
| Budget Execution | |
| |
| |
| Budget Control | |
| |
| |
| Problems in the Budget Process | |
| |
| |
| The Deficit | |
| |
| |
| Uncontrollable Expenditures | |
| |
| |
| Backdoor Spending | |
| |
| |
| The Overhang | |
| |
| |
| Intergovernmental Budget Control | |
| |
| |
| Reprogramming and Transfers | |
| |
| |
| The Defense Budget | |
| |
| |
| Supplemental Appropriations | |
| |
| |
| Earmarks | |
| |
| |
| Assessing the Outcomes: Incrementalism or What? | |
| |
| |
| Critiques of Incrementalism | |
| |
| |
| Reforming Budgeting: Large-Scale Approaches in the 1960s and 1970s | |
| |
| |
| Program Budgeting | |
| |
| |
| Zero-Base Budgeting | |
| |
| |
| From Scalpels to Axes: Budget Reform from the 1980s to the 2000s | |
| |
| |
| Gramm-Rudman-Hollings | |
| |
| |
| The Balanced Budget Amendment | |
| |
| |
| The Line-Item Veto | |
| |
| |
| Decrementalism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluation and Policy Change | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Evaluating Public Programs | |
| |
| |
| Goal Specification and Goal Change | |
| |
| |
| Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Targets | |
| |
| |
| Efficiency and Effectiveness | |
| |
| |
| Values and Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Politics | |
| |
| |
| Increasing Requirements for Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Policy Change | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substantive Policy Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Economic Policy | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| The Goals of Economic Policy | |
| |
| |
| Economic Growth | |
| |
| |
| Full Employment | |
| |
| |
| Stable Prices | |
| |
| |
| A Positive Balance of Payments | |
| |
| |
| Structural Change | |
| |
| |
| The Instruments of Economic Policy | |
| |
| |
| Fiscal Policy | |
| |
| |
| Monetary Policy | |
| |
| |
| Regulations and Control | |
| |
| |
| Public Support for Business | |
| |
| |
| Public Ownership | |
| |
| |
| Public Support for Labor | |
| |
| |
| Incentives | |
| |
| |
| Moral Suasion | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tax Policy | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Public Opinion and Taxation | |
| |
| |
| Fairness | |
| |
| |
| Value for Money | |
| |
| |
| Choices in Tax Policy | |
| |
| |
| Collectibility | |
| |
| |
| Fiscal Neutrality | |
| |
| |
| Buoyancy | |
| |
| |
| Distributive Effects | |
| |
| |
| Visibility | |
| |
| |
| The Politics of Tax Reform | |
| |
| |
| The Tax Reform Act of 1986 | |
| |
| |
| Tax Reform in the 1990s | |
| |
| |
| Tax Reform in the George W. Bush Administration | |
| |
| |
| Tax Reform in the Obama Administration | |
| |
| |
| Proposals for Further Fundamental Tax Reform | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health Care Policies | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Access to Medical Care | |
| |
| |
| Cost | |
| |
| |
| Quality | |
| |
| |
| The Affordable Care Act of 2010 | |
| |
| |
| Public Programs in Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Medicare | |
| |
| |
| Medicaid | |
| |
| |
| Health Maintenance Organizations: Managing Managed Care | |
| |
| |
| Health Care Regulation | |
| |
| |
| Hospital and Physician Costs | |
| |
| |
| Health Care Quality | |
| |
| |
| Drug Regulation | |
| |
| |
| The Pursuit of National Health Insurance | |
| |
| |
| "Play or Pay" | |
| |
| |
| Canadian-Style Comprehensive Coverage | |
| |
| |
| Past Attempts at National Health Care Reform | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Income Maintenance: Social Security and Welfare | |
| |
| |
| Social Insurance | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Social Security | |
| |
| |
| Social Security and the Economy | |
| |
| |
| Financing Social Security | |
| |
| |
| Reforming Social Security | |
| |
| |
| Means-Tested Programs | |
| |
| |
| AFDC and the Origins of Welfare | |
| |
| |
| The Family Support Act | |
| |
| |
| The 1996 Reforms and PRWORA | |
| |
| |
| Implementing Workfare | |
| |
| |
| Alternatives for Further Reform of Income Support | |
| |
| |
| The War on Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Other Means-Tested Programs | |
| |
| |
| The Persistence of Poverty in the United States | |
| |
| |
| The Homeless | |
| |
| |
| Private Social Programs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Education Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Federal Government's Role in Education | |
| |
| |
| Local Financing and the Federal Role | |
| |
| |
| Higher Education | |
| |
| |
| Elementary and Secondary Education | |
| |
| |
| Issues of Education Policy | |
| |
| |
| Quality of Education | |
| |
| |
| Vouchers and Choice | |
| |
| |
| Competency Testing | |
| |
| |
| Testing Teacher Competence | |
| |
| |
| School Facilities | |
| |
| |
| The Separation of Church and State | |
| |
| |
| Unionization and Management | |
| |
| |
| Equalization of Resources | |
| |
| |
| Desegregation and Busing | |
| |
| |
| Higher Education Costs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and the Environment | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Energy Sources | |
| |
| |
| Oil | |
| |
| |
| Natural Gas | |
| |
| |
| Coal | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Power | |
| |
| |
| Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources | |
| |
| |
| The Formation of Energy Policy | |
| |
| |
| Federal Energy Policy | |
| |
| |
| The States and Energy Policy | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Policies | |
| |
| |
| The Politics of Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Legislation | |
| |
| |
| Implementation of Environmental Controls | |
| |
| |
| Alternatives to Regulation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protective Policies: Defense and Law Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Defense Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Environment of Defense Policy | |