How to Conduct Surveys A Step-By-Step Guide

Name: How to Conduct Surveys A Step-By-Step Guide
Price: 6.75 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9781452203874

ISBN-10: 1452203873

ISBN-13: 9781452203874

Edition: 5th 2013

Authors: Arlene G. Fink

List price: $34.99

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Description:

The fifth edition of this book shares the same goals as the first, second, third and fourth editions: to guide readers in developing their own rigorous surveys and in evaluating the credibility and usefulness of surveys created by others. This edition, like previous editions, also gives practical step-by-step guidance on how to achieve the goals. The guidance centers on choosing the appropriate type of survey, writing survey questions and responses, formatting the survey, deciding on the characteristics and numbers of respondents to include and how often they should be surveyed, and analyzing and reporting the results.

Book details

List price: $34.99
Edition: 5th
Copyright year: 2013
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated
Publication date: 1/8/2013
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 200
Size: 7.00" wide x 10.00" long x 0.37" tall
Weight: 0.792
Language: English

Arlene Fink (Ph.D.) is Professor of Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles and President of the Langley Research Institute. Her main interests include evaluation and survey research and the conduct of research literature reviews as well as the evaluation of their quality. Dr. Fink has conducted scores of evaluation studies in public health, medicine and education. She is on the faculty of UCLAï¿½s Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and is a scientific and evaluation advisor to UCLAï¿½s Gambling Studies and IMPACT (Improving Access, Counseling & Treatment for Californians with Prostate Cancer) programs. She consults nationally and internationally…



Preface


About the Author



Conducting Surveys: Everyone Is Doing It


Overview


What Is a Survey?


Examples: Surveys to Meet Policy or Program Needs


Examples: Surveys in Evaluations of Programs


Examples: Surveys for Research


When Is a Survey Best?


Examples: From an Overly Ambitious Self-Administered Questionnaire


Examples: Surveys Combined with Other Information Sources


Self-Administered Questionnaires and Interviews: The Heart of the Matter


Questions and Responses


Example: Forced-Choice Question


Example: Open-Ended Question


Survey Sample and Design


Planning for Data Analysis


Pilot Testing


Response Rate


Reporting Results


Example 1: The Look of Survey Results


Example 2: The Look of Survey Results


Example 3: The Look of Survey Results


The Friendly Competition


Reliability and Validity


Usefulness or Credibility of Results


Costs


The Special Case of Online Surveys


Checklist for Deciding the Best Uses for Online Surveys


Guidelines for Surveyors Who Work with Commercial Survey Companies


The Special Case of Cell or Mobile Phones


Making the Decision


A Survey Continuum: From Specific to General Use


Example: Survey with a Specific Use


Example: Survey with a General Use


Ethics, Privacy, and Confidentiality


Informed Consent


Contents of an Informed-Consent Form


The Internet and Ethical Surveys


Example Questionnaire: Maintaining an Ethically Sound Online Survey


Example: Informed-Consent Form for an Online. Survey


Summing Up


Think About This


Articles



The Survey Form: Questions, Scales, and Appearance


Overview


The Content Is the Message


Define the Terms


Select Your Information Needs or Hypotheses


Make Sure You Can Get the Information


Do Not Ask for Information Unless You Can Act on It


Example: Plan for Survey of Satisfaction with the Youth Center


Writing Questions


Open-Ended and Closed Questions


Example: Open-Ended Question


Example: Closed Question


Example: Open-Ended Question for Elementary School Teaching Program


Example: Closed Question for Elementary School Teaching Program


Making the Decision: Open-Ended Versus Closed Questions


Organizing Responses to Open-Ended Survey Items: Do You Get Any Satisfaction?


Step 1: Asking Respondents' Opinions


Step 2: Coding LB/LL Data


Example LB/LL: Response Categories


Example LB/LL: Participant Responses


Step 3: LB/LL Data


Example LB/LL: Number of Responses for Each Code


Example LB/LL: Participants' Response Pattern


Example LB/LL: Summary of Responses


Rules for Writing Closed Survey Questions


Example: Item-Writing Skills-Length, Clarity, Abbreviations, and Jargon


Example: Item-Writing Skills-Concrete Questions


Example: Item-Writing Skills-Specificity of Questions


Example: Item-Writing Skills-Hidden Biases


Example: Item- Writing Skills-Hidden Biases


Example: Question-Writing Skills-Very Personal Questions


Example: Question-Writing Skills-One Thought per Question


Responses for Closed Questions


Yes and No


Example: Yes-and-No Responses


Rating Scales


Categorical or Continuous? What about Ordinal?


Example: Categorical Rating Scale


Example: Ordinal Rating Scale


Example: Graphic Rating Scale for Assessing a City Council's Effectiveness


Example: Poor Formatting of Graphic Scale


Example: Interpreting Graphic Scales


Ordinal Scales


Example: Ordinal Scale


Example: Selecting the Number of Categories


Example: Rank Order Scale


Example: Comparative Rating Scale


Checklist


Example: Checklist Responses in which Respondent Must Choose One from a List of Several


Example: Checklist Responses that Respondents Answer Yes, No, or Don't Know for Each Item in a List


Online Surveys


Example: Survey Progress Bar


Plain and Simple Survey Questions and Responses


Scaling


Additive Scales


Example: A Survey with an Additive Scale


Example: A Survey of Foreign Language Skills


Differential Scales


Example: Scoring a Differential Scale


Summated Scales


Example: Creating a Summated Scale for a Self-Esteem Survey


Example: Scoring a Summated Scale


Summing Up


Think About This



Getting It Together: Some Practical Concerns


Overview


Length Counts


Example: How a Survey's Circumstances Can Influence Its Length


Getting the Survey in Order


Example: An Introduction to a Telephone Survey and Its First Question


Example: Ordering Survey Questions


Example: Ordering Survey Questions


Example: Providing Transitions


Checklist to Guide Question Order


Questionnaire Format: Aesthetics and Other Concerns


Response Format


Example: Response Formats


Branching Questions, or the Infamous "Skip" Pattern


Example: Skip Patterns or Branching Questions


Administration: Who Gives What to Whom?


Self-Administered Questionnaires


Checklist for Using Self-Administered Questionnaires


Interviews


The Survey Is Put on Trial


Reliability and Validity: The Quality of Your Survey


Is the Survey Reliable?


Example: Internal Consistency Counts


Example: Internal Consistency Does Not Count


Is the Survey Valid?


Selecting and Adapting Surveys


Example: Excerpt from a Real Online Service Agreement for Free Survey Items (Names Changed)


Guidelines for Finding Useable and Useful Surveys in the Research Literature


Example: Search for School Dropout Surveys: Sample Findings from the Web of Science


Example: Sample Reports of Reliability and Validity in the Research Literature


Finding Surveys on the Web


Example: Search for Education Surveys: A Sample Page from the National Center for Education Statistics


Guidelines for Pilot Testing


A Far-Reaching World: Surveys, Language, and Culture


Guidelines for Translating Surveys


Example: Question about Ethnicity


Summing Up


Think About This


Articles



Sampling


Overview


Sample Size and Response Rate: Who and How Many?


Example: Random and Convenience Sampling


Random Sampling Methods


Example: Simple Random Sampling


Example: Not Random Sampling


Example: Simple Random Sampling


Making the Decision


Stratified Random Sampling


Example: Stratified Random Sampling


Making the Decision


Simple Random Cluster Sampling


Example: Simple Random Cluster Sampling


Making the Decision


Systematic Sampling


Making the Decision


Convenience Samples


Making the Decision


Other Convenience Sampling Methods


Example: Other Convenience Samples


Finding the Sample: Who Is In? Who Is Out?


How Large Should Your Sample Be?


The Standard Error


Statistical Methods: Sampling for Two Groups and an Intervention


Example: Sample Size Calculations for Sampling Two Groups and an Intervention


Subgroups, Measures, Resources, and Schedule


Five Questions to Ask When Determining Sample Size


Example: Calculating Sample Size in a Survey of Employees in an Experimental and Control Group


Example: Power to Detect Differences


Example: 80% Power and Effect


Example: Sample Size, Effect, and Power


Response Rate


Tips for Improving Response Rate


Weighting


Summing Up


Think About This


Articles



Survey Design: Environmental Control


Overview


Which Designs Are Available?


Example: Surveys with Differing Designs


Cross-Sectional Survey Designs


Example: Cross-Sectional Design


Making the Decision


Longitudinal Surveys or Cohorts


Example: Cohort Design


Making the Decision


Comparison Group Survey Designs: Quasi- and True Experiments


Example: A Quasi-Experimental Design


Comparison Group and a Longitudinal Design


Example: A True Experimental Comparison Group Design


Example: A True Experimental Comparison Group Design and a Longitudinal Design


Factorial Designs: Special Cases


Other Survey Designs: Normative and Case Control


Making the Decision


Normative Survey Design


Example 1: Normative Design


Example 2: Normative Design-Comparison to a Model


Making the Decision


Case Control Design


Making the Decision


Example: Case Control Design


Survey Design Validity


Internal Validity


External Validity


Surveys, Research Design, and Internal and External Validity


Example: Cross-Sectional Survey and Threats to Validity


Example: Cohort Design and Threats to Validity


Example: Comparison Group Design (True Experiment) and Validity


Summing Up


Think About This


Articles



Analyzing and Organizing Data from Surveys


Overview


What Is Typical Anyway? Some Commonly Used Methods for Analyzing Survey Data


Descriptive Statistics


Example: Preschool Purposes Questionnaire


Example: Frequency of Questionnaire Responses


Example: Grouped Ratings of Preschool Purposes by 50 Directors


Averages: Means, Medians, and Modes


Example: Computing the Median for an Even Number of Scores


Example: Computing the Median for an Odd Number of Scores


Variation: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation


Correlation and Regression


Example: Rank Order Correlation


Differences between Groups


Statistical Differences


Statistical Significance


Surveying Differences: Usual Methods


Chi-Square


Example: Chi-Square


The t Test


Example: t Test


The Mann-Whitney U Test


Example: Mann-Whitney U Test


ANOVA


Risks and Odds


Example: Odds Ratio and Relative Risk


To Be or Not to Be: Statistician or Qualitative Analyst?


Content Analysis, Open-Ended Responses, and Comments


Hypothetical Content Analysis: Teasing Boys and Girls


Putting the Horse in Front of the Cart: Selecting Analysis Methods


Data Management


Creating a Code Book or Operational Manual


Example: Excerpt from the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking in College Students


Example: Excerpt from the Code Book for the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking


Establishing Reliable Coding


Measuring Agreement: The Kappa


Measuring Agreement between Two Coders: The Kappa Statistic


Reviewing Surveys for Missing Data


Entering the Data


Example: Survey Responses from Six People


Cleaning the Data


Validating Survey Data


Summing Up


Think About This



Presenting the Survey Results


Overview


Reproducing the Questionnaire


Example: Reporting Results with the Questionnaire


Example: Online Survey Statistics in Real Time


Using Tables


Example: Shell Table Describing Children in Two Schools


Example: Shell Table for Comparing Children in Two Schools


Some Table Preparation Rules


Drawing Pie Diagrams


Using Bar Graphs


Using Line Graphs


Example: Downloaded Results of a Customer Satisfaction Survey


Example: Transferring the Results of One Question into Bar and Line Graphs


Drawing Diagrams or Pictures


Example: Words and Diagrams in Survey Reports


Writing the Results of a Survey


Organizing the Report


Example: Structured Abstract of a Survey Report


Clear-Writing Tips


The Oral Presentation


Slide Presentations


Oral versus Written Reports: A Difference in Conversation


Example: Table Used in a Written and an Oral Report


Written Interpretation of the Table


Oral Interpretation of the Table


Posters


Summing Up


Think About This


Index