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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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List of Key Symbols | |
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Measurement, Statistics, and Research | |
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What Is Measurement? | |
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Process of Measurement | |
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Variables and Constants | |
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Research Design and Statistical Analysis | |
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Statistical Inference | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Organizing and Displaying Data | |
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Organizing Data | |
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Displaying Data | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Percentiles | |
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Common Percentile Divisions | |
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Calculations Using Percentiles | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Mode | |
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Median | |
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Mean | |
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Relationships Among the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Keywords | |
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Measures of Variability | |
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Range | |
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Interquartile Range | |
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Variance | |
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Standard Deviation | |
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Definition Method of Hand Calculations | |
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Calculating Standard Deviation for a Sample | |
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Coefficient of Variation | |
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Standard Deviation and Normal Distribution | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Keywords | |
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The Normal Curve | |
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Z Scores | |
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Standard Scores | |
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Probability and Odds | |
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Calculating Skewness and Kurtosis | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Fundamentals of Statistical Inference | |
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Predicting Population Parameters Using Statistical Inference | |
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Estimating Sampling Error | |
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Levels of Confidence, Confidence Intervals, and Probability of Error | |
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An Example Using Statistical Inference | |
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Statistical Hypothesis Testing | |
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Type I and Type II Error | |
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Degrees of Freedom | |
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Living With Uncertainty | |
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Two- and One-Tailed Tests | |
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Applying Confidence Intervals | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Correlation and Bivariate Regression | |
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Correlation | |
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Calculating the Correlation Coefficient | |
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Bivariate Regression | |
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Homoscedasticity | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression | |
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Multiple Correlation | |
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Partial Correlation | |
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Multiple Regression | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Terms | |
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The t Test: Comparing Means From Two Sets of Data | |
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The t Tests | |
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Types of t Tests | |
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Magnitude of the Difference (Size of Effect) | |
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Determining Power and Sample Size | |
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The t Test for Proportions | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Simple Analysis of Variance: Comparing the Means Among Three or More Sets of Data | |
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Assumptions in ANOVA | |
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Sources of Variance | |
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Calculating F: The Definition Method | |
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Determining the Significance of F | |
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Post Hoc Tests | |
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Magnitude of the Treatment (Size of Effect) | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Analysis of Variance With Repeated Measures | |
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Assumptions in Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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Calculating Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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Correcting for Violations of the Assumption of Sphericity | |
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Post Hoc Tests | |
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Interpreting the Results | |
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An Example From Leisure Studies and Recreation | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Quantifying Reliability | |
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Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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Standard Error of Measurement | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
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A Between-Between Example | |
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A Between-Within Example | |
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A Within-Within Example | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Analysis of Covariance | |
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Relationship Between ANOVA and Regression | |
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ANCOVA and Statistical Power | |
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Assumptions in ANCOVA | |
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The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design | |
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Pairwise Comparisons | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Analysis of Nonparametric Data | |
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Chi-Square (Single Classification) | |
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Chi-Square (Two or More Classifications) | |
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Rank Order Correlation | |
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Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for Ranked Data | |
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Friedman's Two-Way ANOVA by Ranks | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Clinical Measures of Association | |
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Relative Risk | |
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Odds Ratio | |
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Diagnostic Testing | |
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Summary | |
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Problems to Solve | |
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Key Words | |
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Advanced Statistical Procedures | |
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Meta-Analysis | |
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Multiple Analysis of Variance | |
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Factor Analysis | |
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Discriminant Analysis | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Statistical Tables | |
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Raw Data | |
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Answers to Problems | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Author | |