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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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What's New in the Second Edition | |
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Introduction | |
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Toxicology and Its Roots as a Science | |
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Introduction | |
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Toxic Chemicals | |
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Epidemiological Studies | |
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Causality | |
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The Roots of Toxicology | |
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The Evolution of Toxicology | |
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Bibliography | |
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Chemical Properties and Hazardous Chemicals Information Resources | |
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Introduction | |
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Elements, Atoms, and Compounds | |
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Mixtures, Suspensions, and Aerosols | |
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Identifying Chemicals | |
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Physical Properties of Chemicals | |
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Some Web-Based Resources | |
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Regulatory Agencies That Maintain Lists for Hazardous Chemicals | |
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Regional Poison Control Centers | |
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Toxicity and the Factors That Modify Toxic Responses | |
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Cellular Basis of Toxicity | |
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Spectrum of Adverse Effects | |
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Factors That Modify Toxicity | |
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Toxicogenomics and Its Importance in Public Health | |
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Bibliography | |
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Biological Poisons: Plant and Animal Toxins | |
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Introduction | |
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Bacterial Toxins | |
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Fungal Toxins | |
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Algal Toxins | |
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Higher Plant Toxins | |
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Animal Toxins | |
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Bibliography | |
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Environmental Pollutants and Their Fate | |
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Introduction | |
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Unfortunate Lessons Learned | |
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Pollution Versus Contamination | |
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Environmental Chemistry | |
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The Environment: Compartments and Ecosystems | |
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Toxicity in a Population | |
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Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds | |
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Conclusion | |
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Bibliography | |
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Toxicology Principles | |
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Dose and Response | |
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Introduction | |
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Relating Dose to Response | |
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Dose-Response Graphs | |
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How Individuals May Respond in a Population | |
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The Dose Must Be Referenced to Time | |
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Dose Standardization Based on Body Weight | |
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Toxicity Rating | |
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Referencing Dose to Environmental Media | |
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Bibliography | |
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Absorption of Toxicants and Models of Disposition | |
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Toxicant Entry into the Body | |
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Cell Membranes | |
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Movement of Toxicants Across Cell Membranes | |
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Skin Absorption | |
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Gastrointestinal Absorption | |
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Respiratory Absorption | |
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Other Exposure Routes | |
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Chemical Disposition and Toxicokinetics | |
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Models of Disposition | |
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Bibliography | |
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Distribution, Storage, and Elimination of Toxicants | |
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Introduction | |
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Body Water and Volume of Distribution | |
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Plasma Binding, Blood Flow, and Barriers to Distribution | |
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Toxicant Storage | |
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Toxicant Elimination | |
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Urinary Excretion | |
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Fecal Elimination | |
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Pulmonary Elimination | |
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Minor Routes of Elimination | |
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Bibliography | |
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Biotransformation | |
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Introduction | |
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Enzymes | |
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Tissues Where Biotransformation Proceeds | |
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Reactions and Cytochrome P450 | |
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Reactions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Chemical-Induced Mutagenesis | |
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DNA and Mutations | |
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Mutations and Apoptosis | |
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Tests for DNA Damage and Mutagenicity | |
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Examples of Chemical Mutagens | |
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Bibliography | |
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Chemicals and Cancer | |
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Introduction | |
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Mutations in Genes That Regulate Cell Growth and Differentiation | |
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Oncogenes | |
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History of Chemical Carcinogenesis | |
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Characteristics of Cancer Cells | |
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Benign and Malignant Tumors | |
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Tumor Angiogenesis, Metastasis, and Staging | |
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Classification Systems for Carcinogens by Agency | |
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Carcinogen Classification | |
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Exposure to Carcinogens | |
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Chemical-Induced Carcinogenesis Is a Multistep Process | |
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Informing the Public About Carcinogens | |
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Bibliography | |
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Systemic Toxicity | |
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The Role of the Immune System | |
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Introduction | |
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Chemical Exposures | |
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Immune Responses | |
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Organs of the Immune System | |
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Cells of the Immune System | |
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Antibodies | |
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Immunological Disorders | |
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Immunosuppression by Toxicants | |
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Examples of Chemical-Induced Immunological Disorders | |
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Experimental Immunological Testing | |
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Bibliography | |
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Skin | |
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Introduction | |
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Structure of the Skin | |
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Skin Absorption of Chemicals | |
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Skin Toxicity: Local Effects | |
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Bibliography | |
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The Liver and Kidneys | |
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The Liver | |
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The Kidneys | |
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Bibliography | |
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The Cardiovascular System | |
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General Considerations | |
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Cardiac Physiology | |
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Cell Types | |
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Cardiac Electrophysiology | |
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Assessing Cardiac Function | |
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Effects of Toxicants on the Cardiovascular System | |
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Blood vessels | |
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Blood | |
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Bibliography | |
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The Respiratory System | |
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General Considerations | |
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Nomenclature of Airborne Toxicants | |
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Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System | |
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Respiratory System Injury | |
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Exposures to Air Pollutants | |
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Defense Strategies | |
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Types of Injury | |
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Bibliography | |
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The Nervous System | |
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General Considerations | |
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Cells of the Nervous System | |
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The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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Neuron Action Potential and Synaptic Function | |
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Neurotoxicity | |
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Bibliography | |
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The Endocrine System | |
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General Considerations | |
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The Parts of the Endocrine System | |
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The Reproductive System | |
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Bibliography | |
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Toxicology Practice | |
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The Practice of Toxicology | |
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Introduction | |
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Categories of Toxicologists | |
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Expectations and Requirements for Toxicologists | |
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Toxicologists as Expert Witnesses | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Regulatory Considerations | |
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Standards, Guidelines, and Regulatory Agencies | |
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Public Awareness and Public Outrage | |
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Regulatory and Nonregulatory Agencies: Their Role in Protecting the Public from Chemical Exposures | |
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Industrial Versus Environmental Standards | |
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The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | |
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The National Toxicology Program | |
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Consumer Product Safety Commission | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Toxicity Testing | |
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The Nature and Scope of Toxicity Testing | |
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Toxicity Test Objectives and Considerations | |
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Animal Use and Extrapolation to Humans | |
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Practical Aspects of Measuring Toxicity Experimentally | |
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Acute Local Toxicity: Tests for Irritancy and Corrosiveness | |
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Acute Systemic Toxicity: Use and Limitations of LD<sub>50</sub> | |
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Efficacy, Toxicity, and Lethality | |
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Other Examples of Prechronic Toxicity Testing in Laboratory Animals | |
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Chronic Toxicity Testing in Laboratory Animals | |
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Human Studies | |
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Alternative Toxicity Testing Methods | |
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Examples of In Vitro Tests for Several Toxicological Endpoints | |
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Conclusion | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Example of a Template for a Subchronic Toxicity Study in Rodents for FDA Review | |
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Uses and Limitations of Product Labeling for Public Safety | |
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The Purpose of Product Labeling | |
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Use of Product Labels by Consumers | |
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Limitations of Product Labels | |
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Federal Requirements | |
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FIFRA and Pesticides | |
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Pesticide Product Labeling | |
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Product Labels Are Not Material Safety Data Sheets | |
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Federal Food and Drug Administration Requirements for Labeling | |
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Websites | |
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Toxicology Principles in the Management of Acute Poisonings | |
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Introduction | |
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Management of Acute Poisoning | |
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Route of Exposure Influences Toxicity: An Example Using Cocaine | |
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Intentional and Unintentional Exposures in the American Population | |
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Inhalant Use | |
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Toxicities Associated with "Street Drugs" | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Risk Assessment and the Perception of Risk | |
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Overview of Risk | |
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Risk Assessment | |
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Cancer Risk Assessment | |
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Ecological Risk Assessment | |
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Toxicant Interaction and Chemical Mixtures | |
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Responding to Public Concerns | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Making Informed Decisions | |
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Difficulties in Decision Making | |
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Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process | |
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Making the Best Decisions | |
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The CRAM Report | |
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Websites | |
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Bibliography | |
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Glossary of Terms | |
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Index | |