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| Why is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics? | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| What the hell am I doing here? I don't belong here | |
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| Initial observation: finding something that needs explaining | |
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| Generating theories and testing them | |
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| Data collection 1: what to measure | |
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| Data collection 2: how to measure | |
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| Analysing data | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Stats Quiz | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Statistics (Well, Sort of) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Building statistical models | |
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| Populations and samples | |
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| Simple statistical models | |
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| Going beyond the data | |
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| Using statistical models to test research questions | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| The R Environment | |
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| What will This Chapter tell Me? | |
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| Before you start | |
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| Getting started | |
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| Using R | |
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| Getting data into R | |
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| Entering data with R Commander | |
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| Using Other Software to Enter and Edit Data | |
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| Saving Data | |
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| Manipulating Data | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exploring Data with Graphs | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| The art of presenting data | |
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| Packages used in this chapter | |
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| Introducing ggplot2 | |
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| Graphing relationships: the scatterplot | |
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| Histograms: a good way to spot obvious problems | |
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| Boxplots (box-whisker diagrams) | |
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| Density plots | |
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| Graphing means | |
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| Themes and Options | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Exploring Assumptions | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| What are assumptions? | |
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| Assumptions of parametric data | |
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| Packages used in this chapter | |
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| The assumption of normality | |
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| Testing whether a distribution is normal | |
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| Testing for homogeneity of variance | |
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| Correcting problems in the data | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Correlation | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Looking at relationships | |
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| How do we measure relationships? | |
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| Data entry for correlation analysis | |
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| Bivariate correlation | |
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| Partial correlation | |
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| Comparing correlations | |
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| Calculating the effect size | |
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| How to report correlation coefficents | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Regression | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| An Introduction to regression | |
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| Packages Used in this Chapter | |
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| General procedure for regression in R | |
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| Interpreting a simple regression | |
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| Multiple regression: the basics | |
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| How accurate is my regression model? | |
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| How to do multiple regression using R Commander and R | |
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| Testing the accuracy of your regression model | |
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| Robust regression: bootstrapping | |
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| How to Report Multiple Regression | |
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| Categorical predictors and multiple regression | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Background to logistic regression | |
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| What are the principles behind logistic regression? | |
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| Assumptions and things that can go wrong | |
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| Packages Used in this Chapter | |
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| Binary logistic regression: an example that will make you feel eel | |
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| How to report logistic regression | |
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| Testing assumptions: another example | |
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| Predicting several categories: multinomial logistic regression | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Comparing Two Means | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Packages Used in this Chapter | |
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| Looking at differences | |
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| The t-test | |
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| The independent t-test | |
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| The dependent t-test | |
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| Between groups or repeated measures? | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Comparing Several Means: ANOVA (GLM 1) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| The theory behind ANOVA | |
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| Assumptions of ANOVA | |
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| Planned contrasts | |
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| Post hoc procedures | |
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| One-way ANOVA using R | |
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| Calculating the effect size | |
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| Reporting results from one-way independent ANOVA | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA (GLM 2) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| What is ANCOVA? | |
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| Assumptions and issues in ANCOVA | |
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| ANCOVA using R | |
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| Robust ANCOVA | |
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| Calculating the effect size | |
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| Reporting results | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Factorial ANOVA (GLM 3) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Theory of factorial ANOVA (between-groups) | |
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| Factorial ANOVA as regression | |
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| Two-Way ANOVA: Behind the scenes | |
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| Factorial ANOVA using R | |
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| Interpreting interaction graphs | |
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| Robust factorial ANOVA | |
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| Calculating effect sizes | |
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| Reporting the results of two-way ANOVA | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Repeated-Measures Designs (GLM 4) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Introduction to repeated-measures designs | |
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| Theory of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | |
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| One-way repeated measures designs using R | |
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| Effect sizes for repeated measures designs | |
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| Reporting one-way repeated measures designs | |
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| Factorisal repeated measures designs | |
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| Effect Sizes for Factorial Repeated Measures designs | |
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| Reporting the results from factorial repeated measures designs | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Mixed Designs (GLM 5) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Mixed designs | |
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| What do men and women look for in a partner? | |
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| Entering and exploring your data | |
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| Mixed ANOVA | |
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| Mixed designs as a GLM | |
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| Calculating effect sizes | |
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| Reporting the results of mixed ANOVA | |
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| Robust analysis for mixed designs | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Non-Parametric Tests | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| When to use non-parametric tests | |
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| Packages Used in this Chapter | |
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| Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test | |
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| Comparing two related conditions: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test | |
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| Differences between several independent groups: the Kruskal-Wallis test | |
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| Differences between several related groups: Friedman's ANOVA | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| When to use MANOVA | |
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| Introduction: similarities and differences to ANOVA | |
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| Theory of MANOVA | |
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| Practical issues when conducting MANOVA | |
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| MANOVA using R | |
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| Robust MANOVA | |
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| Reporting results from MANOVA | |
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| Following up MANOVA with discriminant analysis | |
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| Reporting results from discriminant analysis | |
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| Some final remarks | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Exploratory Factor Analysis | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| When to use factor analysis | |
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| Factors | |
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| Research example | |
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| Running the analysis with R Commander | |
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| Running the analysis with R | |
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| Factor scores | |
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| How to report factor analysis | |
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| Reliability analysis | |
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| Reporting reliability analysis | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Categorical Data | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Packages used in this chapter | |
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| Analysing categorical data | |
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| Theory of Analysing Categorical Data | |
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| Assumptions of the chi-square test | |
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| Doing the chi-square test using R | |
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| Several categorical variables: loglinear analysis | |
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| Assumptions in loglinear analysis | |
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| Loglinear analysis using R | |
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| Following up loglinear analysis | |
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| Effect sizes in loglinear analysis | |
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| Reporting the results of loglinear analysis | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Multilevel Linear Models | |
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| What will this chapter tell me? | |
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| Hierarchical data | |
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| Theory of multilevel linear models | |
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| The multilevel model | |
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| Some practical issues | |
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| Multilevel modelling on R | |
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| Growth models | |
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| How to report a multilevel model | |
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| What have I discovered about statistics? | |
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| R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
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| R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
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| Key terms that I've discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting real research | |
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| Epilogue: Life After Discovering Statistics | |
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| Troubleshooting R | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Table of the standard normal distribution | |
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| Critical Values of the t-Distribution | |
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| Critical Values of the F-Distribution | |
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| Critical Values of the chi-square Distribution | |
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| References | |