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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A selection of general books and reference material on geology | |
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| Books on geological field techniques | |
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| Field equipment and safety | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The hand lens and binoculars | |
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| The compass-clinometer | |
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| Orientation of a dipping plane | |
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| Orientation of a linear feature | |
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| Triangulation: Determining location using a compass | |
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| Global positioning systems and altimeters | |
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| Measuring distance and thickness | |
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| Standard thickness and distance measurements | |
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| Use of the Jacob staff to measure the thickness of inclined strata | |
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| Classification and colour charts | |
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| Hammer, chisels and other hardware | |
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| The hardcopy field notebook | |
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| The laptop, netbook or PDA as a notebook | |
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| Writing equipment, maps and relevant literature | |
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| Writing equipment | |
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| Maps and relevant literature | |
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| Comfort, field safety and field safety equipment | |
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| Clothes, backpack/rucksack and personal provisions | |
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| Field safety | |
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| Field safety equipment | |
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| Conservation, respect and obtaining permission! | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Introduction to field observations at different scales | |
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| Introduction: What, where and how? | |
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| Defining the fieldwork objective | |
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| Deciding where to do the fieldwork | |
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| Locating your position | |
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| Scale of observation, where to start and basic measurements | |
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| Regional context | |
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| Whole exposure | |
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| Hand specimens | |
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| Overview of possible data formats | |
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| The field notebook | |
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| Introduction: The purpose of field notes | |
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| Field notebook layout | |
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| Preliminary pages | |
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| Daily entries | |
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| General tips | |
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| Field sketches: A picture is worth a thousand words | |
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| General principles: Aims, space and tools | |
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| Sketches of exposures | |
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| Sketching metre- and centimetre-scale features | |
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| Sketch maps | |
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| Written notes: Recording data, ideas and interpretation | |
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| Notes recording data and observations | |
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| Notes recording interpretation, discussion and ideas | |
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| Correlation with other data sets and interpretations | |
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| Recording palaeontological information | |
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| Introduction: Fossils are smart particles | |
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| Why are fossils important? | |
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| Collecting fossil data | |
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| Fossil types and preservation | |
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| Body fossil classification | |
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| Body fossil preservation | |
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| Trace fossils | |
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| Molecular fossils | |
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| Fossil distribution and where to find them | |
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| Transported or life position? | |
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| Sampling strategies | |
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| Sampling for biostratigraphic or evolutionary studies | |
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| Sampling of bedding surfaces and palaeoecology | |
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| Estimating abundance | |
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| Presence/absence and qualitative abundance estimates | |
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| Quantitative measures of abundance | |
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| How many samples are required? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Recording features of sedimentary rocks and constructing graphic logs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description, recognition and recording of sedimentary deposits and sedimentary structures | |
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| Recording sedimentary lithology | |
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| Recording sedimentary structures | |
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| Graphic logs | |
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| Conventions for graphic logs | |
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| Constructing a graphic log | |
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| Rocks in space: Reconstructing sedimentary environments and their diagnostic features | |
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| Using sedimentary rocks to interpret climate change and sea-level change | |
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| Climate change | |
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| Sequence stratigraphy and relative sea-level change | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Recording features of igneous rocks | |
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| Equipment, basic tips and safety | |
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| Field relationships of igneous rocks | |
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| Relationships with surrounding rocks | |
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| Internal architecture: Joints and veins | |
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| Internal architecture: Other exposure-scale fabrics | |
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| Mineralogy and small-scale textures of igneous rocks | |
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| Petrologic type | |
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| Mineral texture and fabric | |
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| Recent and active volcanoes | |
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| Equipment and safety | |
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| Access | |
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| Observations | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Recording structural information | |
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| Equipment and measurement | |
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| Structural measurements and notations | |
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| Brittle structures: Faults, joints and veins | |
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| Planar brittle features - orientation | |
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| Determining past motion on brittle structures | |
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| Ductile structures: Shear zones, foliations and folds | |
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| Orientation of ductile planar features | |
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| Direction of shear/stretching: Stretching lineations | |
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| Sense of shear: Kinematic indicators | |
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| Magnitude of shear strain | |
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| Fold analysis | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Recording features of metamorphic rocks | |
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| Basic skills and equipment for metamorphic fieldwork | |
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| Field relations and context | |
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| Textures | |
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| Banding | |
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| Grain textures | |
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| Reaction textures | |
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| Mineralogy | |
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| Identifying common metamorphic minerals | |
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| Using mineral assemblages | |
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| Classification of metamorphic rocks | |
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| Unravelling metamorphism and deformation | |
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| Pre-kinematic features | |
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| Syn-kinematic features | |
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| Post-kinematic features | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Making a geological map | |
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| Principles and aims | |
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| Preparation and materials | |
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| Base maps and other aids | |
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| Equipment for mapping | |
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| Location, location, location | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Using base maps | |
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| Making a field map | |
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| Information to record on field maps | |
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| The evolving map | |
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| Sketch cross-sections | |
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| Mapping techniques | |
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| Traverse mapping | |
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| Contact mapping | |
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| Exposure mapping | |
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| Using other evidence | |
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| The geological map | |
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| Inking in the field map | |
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| Cross-sections | |
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| Fair copy maps | |
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| Digital maps and GIS | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Recording numerical data and use of instruments in the field | |
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| Data collection | |
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| Instrument calibration and base stations | |
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| Survey grid | |
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| Transport and protection of the instruments | |
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| Correlation with other data sets | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Photography | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Selecting and labelling samples | |
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| Samples for thin-sections | |
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| Orientated samples | |
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| Samples for geochemical analysis | |
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| Samples for mineral extraction | |
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| Samples for fossils | |
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| Sampling for regional studies | |
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| High-resolution sample sets | |
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| Labelling samples and their packaging | |
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| Practical advice | |
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| Packing and marking materials | |
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| Extraction of samples | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| Further reading on scientific report writing | |
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| References | |
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| General | |
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| Fossils | |
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| Sedimentary | |
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| Igneous | |
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| Structural | |
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| Metamorphic | |
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| Mapping | |
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| Index | |