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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Empires and Encounters in the Early Modern Era: 1450-1750 | |
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| Common Patterns across the World | |
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| Patterns of Expansion | |
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| Premodern Connections | |
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| Early Modern Empires | |
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| Gunpowder Revolution | |
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| Patterns of Internal Change | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Market-Based Economies | |
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| Cities | |
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| Religious and Intellectual Ferment | |
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| Continuities | |
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| Islamic Expansion: Second Wave | |
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| The Ottoman Empire | |
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| Ottomans and the Arabs | |
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| Ottomans and the Persians | |
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| Ottomans and the West | |
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| The Mughal Empire | |
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| Muslims and Hindus | |
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| An Expanding Economy | |
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| The Songhay Empire | |
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| Religious Vitality and Political Decline | |
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| An Islamic World | |
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| Conversion | |
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| Decline of Islamic Empires | |
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| China Outward Bound | |
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| China and the World | |
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| The Tribute System | |
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| New Forms of Chinese Expansion | |
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| A Maritime Empire Refused: The Ming Dynasty Voyages | |
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| A Road Not Taken | |
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| Comparing Chinese and European Voyages | |
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| Power and Religion | |
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| Differing Motives | |
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| Differing Legacies | |
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| China's Inner Asian Empire | |
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| Manchus Move West | |
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| Empires of Many Nations | |
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| Consequences of Empire | |
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| China and Taiwan | |
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| The Making of a Russian Empire | |
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| Mother Russia | |
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| "Soft Gold": An Empire of Furs | |
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| Siberia and Beyond | |
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| The Impact of Empire | |
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| Russia and Europe | |
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| Looking Westward | |
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| Peter the Great | |
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| The Cost of Reform | |
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| Russia and the World | |
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| Parallel Worlds | |
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| The World of Inner Africa | |
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| The Amerindian World | |
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| The World of Oceania | |
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| Conclusion: Durability of Empire | |
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| The Roots of Globalization: 1450-1750 | |
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| The European Explosion | |
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| Europe Outward Bound | |
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| Momentum | |
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| Opportunity | |
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| Motivation | |
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| A Changing Europe | |
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| The European Renaissance | |
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| The Reformation | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| The Making of an Atlantic World | |
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| American Differences | |
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| Conquest | |
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| Disease and Disaster | |
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| Plants and Animals | |
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| Migrations | |
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| Colonial Societies in the Americas | |
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| Settler Colonies | |
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| "Mixed-Race Colonies" | |
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| Plantation Colonies | |
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| North American Differences | |
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| The Impact of Empire | |
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| Africa and the Atlantic World | |
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| Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade | |
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| Demand | |
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| Supply | |
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| African Slavery | |
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| The Slave Trade in Operation | |
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| Counting the Cost | |
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| Lost People | |
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| Political Variations | |
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| Economic Impact | |
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| The African Diaspora | |
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| The Slave Trade and Racism | |
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| Europe and Asia | |
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| Commerce and Coercion | |
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| Portuguese in the Indian Ocean | |
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| Competitors | |
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| Limitations of Empire | |
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| The Economic Impact | |
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| The Silver Trade | |
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| American Crops in Asia | |
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| Missionaries in East Asia | |
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| Jesuits in China | |
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| Japan and European Missionaries | |
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| Europeans in Oceania | |
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| The Fruits of Empire | |
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| A World Economy | |
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| Eastern Europe in the World Economy | |
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| Spain and Portugal in the World Economy | |
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| Northwestern Europe in the World Economy | |
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| Changing Diets | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate | |
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| New Knowledge | |
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| The First World Wars | |
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| Conclusion: Empire and Globalization | |
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| Breaking Out and the First Modern Societies: 1750-1900 | |
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| Why Europe? A Historian's Debate | |
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| Was Europe Unique? | |
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| A Favorable Environment? | |
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| The Advantage of Backwardness? | |
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| The Absence of Unity? | |
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| Science and Engineering? | |
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| Society and Religion? | |
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| Critics of Eurocentrism | |
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| "Surprising Similarities" | |
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| Competition from Afar | |
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| "The Decline of the East" | |
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| The Advantages of Empire | |
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| Gold and Silver | |
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| Markets and Profits | |
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| Resources | |
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| An Industrial Model | |
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| The Industrial Revolution | |
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| Toward Economic Modernity | |
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| Machines and Factories | |
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| New Wealth | |
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| Urbanization | |
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| Capitalism | |
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| Death Rates and Birthrates | |
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| Humanity and Nature | |
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| Class and Industrial Society | |
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| Aristocrats and Peasants | |
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| "Only a Weaver" | |
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| "Middling Classes" | |
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| Working Classes | |
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| Women, Factories, and the Home | |
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| New Views of the "Home" | |
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| Children | |
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| Politics and War | |
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| The Political Revolution | |
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| Kings and Commoners | |
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| Making New Societies | |
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| The "Enlightenment" | |
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| Liberalism | |
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| Who Benefited? | |
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| The Revolution beyond America and France | |
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| Slave Rebellion and Independence Movements | |
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| Challenging Old Oppressions | |
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| Variations on a Theme | |
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| The British and French Paths | |
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| The German Path | |
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| The Path of the United States | |
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| The Russian Path | |
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| New Identities, New Conflicts | |
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| Socialism | |
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| Utopian Socialism | |
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| Marxism | |
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| Socialist Parties | |
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| Nationalism | |
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| Nationalism as a Modern Idea | |
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| The Origins of Nationalism | |
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| Creating Nations | |
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| The Power of the National Idea | |
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| Feminism | |
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| Roots of Feminism | |
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| Feminist Beginnings | |
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| The Achievements of Feminism | |
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| Backlash | |
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| Conclusion: Modernity as Revolution | |
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| The Great Disturbance by Global Empires: 1750-1940 | |
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| Imperialism of the Industrial Age | |
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| Imperial Motives | |
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| The Tools of Empire | |
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| Confronting Imperialism | |
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| India | |
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| Mughual Decline | |
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| British Takeover | |
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| Rebellion | |
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| China | |
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| China and the West | |
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| Opium for Tea | |
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| The Opium Wars | |
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| The Taiping Rebellion | |
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| The Ottoman Empire | |
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| Africa | |
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| Patterns of Change in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| From the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule | |
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| Resistance and Cooperation | |
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| Russian and American Expansion | |
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| Australia and New Zealand | |
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| Global Imperial Economies | |
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| A Second Wave of Globalization | |
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| A Divided World | |
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| India and Imperial Globalization | |
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| Famine and Free Markets | |
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| The Economics of Empire | |
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| Africa and Imperial Globalization | |
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| Forced Labor | |
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| Cash Crops | |
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| The Loss of Land | |
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| Mining and Migration | |
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| Global Migration | |
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| Global Imperial Society and Culture | |
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| Population Patterns | |
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| Slavery and Race | |
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| An End to Slavery | |
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| The Growth of "Scientific Racism" | |
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| Race and Colonial Life | |
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| Western-Educated Elites | |
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| New Identities | |
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| Colonized Women | |
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| European Reforms | |
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| Coping with Colonial Economies | |
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| Education and Opportunity | |
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| Missionaries and Conversion | |
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| Changing Defensively | |
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| Trying to Catch Up | |
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| Ottoman Modernization | |
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| Comparing China and Japan | |
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| Chinese Self-Strengthening | |
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| Japan's "Revolution from Above" | |
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| Perspectives on the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Progress or Exploitation? | |
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| Celebrating Western Achievement | |
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| Alternative European Voices | |
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| Critics from the Colonies | |
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| Actors and Re-actors | |
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| Change and Persistence | |
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| Religious Revival and Consolidation | |
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| Powers and Privileges | |
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| Conclusion: Toward the Twentieth Century | |
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| The Modern World and Global Realignments: The Past Century | |
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| The European Crisis: 1914-1945 | |
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| World War I | |
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| The Roots of War | |
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| The Costs of War | |
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| A Global Conflict | |
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| Reverberations | |
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| Capitalism in Crisis | |
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| Racism and the Holocaust | |
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| Another World War | |
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| World War II | |
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| A World Reshaped | |
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| Revolution and Communism | |
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| The Birth of Communism | |
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| Russia | |
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| Eastern Europe | |
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| China | |
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| Making Communist Societies | |
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| Rural Communism | |
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| Communist Industrialization | |
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| Confronting Privilege and Inequality in China | |
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| Totalitarianism and Terror | |
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| The Communist World and the "Free World" | |
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| The United States as a Global Power | |
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| An American Century? | |
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| Containing Communism | |
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| An Empire of Culture | |
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| Resisting the American Empire | |
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| Achieving Independence | |
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| The End of Empire | |
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| Afro-Asian Struggles | |
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| The Foundations of Anticolonialism | |
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| Independence Achieved | |
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| Variations on a Theme | |
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| New Nations on the Global Stage | |
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| The Rise of the Third World | |
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| The "Third World" as an Idea | |
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| Nonalignment | |
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| A New International Economic Order? | |
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| Resistance by the Rich | |
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| The Debt Problem | |
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| The Assertion of Islam | |
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| The Revival of the Middle East | |
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| The Roots of Islamic Renewal | |
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| Islamic Renewal in Practice: The Case of Iran | |
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| Islamic Assertion on a Global Stage | |
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| Successes, Failures, and Fissures | |
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| The Collapse of Communism | |
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| Three Routes to the End of Communism | |
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| The Soviet Union | |
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| Eastern Europe | |
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| China | |
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| Explaining the Soviet Collapse | |
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| The Chinese Difference | |
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| The End of the Cold War | |
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| Conclusion: Something New; Something Old | |
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| Beneath the Surface of Globalization and Modernity: The Past Century | |
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| More of Us: Population Growth in the Past Century | |
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| A Demographic Transition | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Variations and Redistributions | |
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| Enough to Eat? | |
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| To the Cities | |
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| On the Move | |
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| Young and Old | |
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| Debates and Controversies | |
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| Too Many People? | |
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| Controlling Population Growth | |
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| Economic Globalization | |
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| An Industrializing World | |
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| Soviet Industrialization | |
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| Industrialization in European Offshoots | |
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| Newly Industrialized Countries | |
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| From Divergence to Convergence | |
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| A Densely Connected World | |
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| A Deeply Divided World | |
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| Progress for the Poor | |
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| Failures and Instabilities | |
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| Internal Inequalities | |
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| Debating a Mixed Record | |
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| Alternative Globalizations | |
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| A Diminished World | |
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| Defining the Environmental Impact | |
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| Environmentalism | |
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| Political Globalization | |
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| The National Idea: Triumphant and Challenged? | |
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| Anticolonial Nationalism | |
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| Nationalism and Communism | |
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| The Failure of Alternatives | |
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| Challenges to the National Idea: Globalization | |
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| Challenges to the National Idea: Ethnic Separatism | |
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| Challenges to the National Idea: World Government | |
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| The Democratic Idea: Challenged and Triumphant? | |
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| Modern Democracy | |
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| Gains and Setbacks | |
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| Democracy after World War II | |
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| Democracy in Decline | |
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| A Resurgence of Democracy? | |
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| Cultural Globalization | |
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| Popular Culture/Global Culture | |
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| Global Feminism | |
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| Communism and Women | |
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| Western Feminism | |
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| Women's Movements in the Third World | |
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| Feminism on a Global Scale | |
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| Conclusion: Coming Together and Growing Apart | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |