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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Overview of Scientific Research | |
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| Keywords | |
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| What Is Science? | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| Identify Problem | |
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| Formulate Hypothesis | |
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| Conduct Pilot Study | |
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| Collect Data | |
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| Participant (Subject) Sampling | |
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| Experimental and Control Groups | |
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| Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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| Describing Collected Data | |
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| Test Hypothesis | |
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| Generalize Results | |
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| Replicate Experiment | |
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| Goals, Principles, and Assumptions of Science | |
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| Goals of Science | |
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| Description | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Principles of Science | |
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| Empirical Verification | |
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| Assumptions of Science | |
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| Determinism | |
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| Limited Causality | |
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| Contiguity of Events | |
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| Five Basic Approaches to Scientific Research | |
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| Correlation Approach | |
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| Establishing Validity | |
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| Using Multiple Predictors | |
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| Establishing Test Reliability | |
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| Developing Homogeneous Subgroups | |
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| Case History Approach | |
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| Solving Personal Problems | |
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| Predicting and Subgrouping | |
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| Field Study Approach | |
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| Experimental Approach | |
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| Advantages of Experimental Approach | |
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| Disadvantages of Experimental Approach | |
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| Purposes of Experimentation | |
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| Experimentation Versus Demonstration | |
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| Manipulation Versus Selection of Independent Values | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Approach | |
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| Time Series Design | |
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| Nonequivalent Control Group Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Keyword Definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise Answers | |
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| References | |
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| Methods of Describing Data | |
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| Keywords | |
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| Samples and Populations | |
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| Consideration of Numbers in Statistics | |
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| Continuous Versus Discrete Data | |
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| Four General Scales of Measurement | |
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| Scaling Behavioral Dimensions | |
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| Graphical Methods of Description | |
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| Univariate Frequency Distribution | |
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| Determine Range | |
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| Determine Number and Size | |
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| Set Up Frequency Distribution | |
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| Tally Scores | |
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| Post Tallies | |
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| Add f Column | |
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| Graphing Results | |
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| Frequency Polygon | |
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| Histogram | |
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| Other Types of Graphs | |
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| Cumulative Frequency Distribution | |
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| Univariate Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Mode | |
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| Median | |
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| Mean | |
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| Averaging Means | |
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| When to Use Different Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Centiles and Quartiles | |
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| Measures of Dispersion, Variability, or Spread | |
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| Range | |
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| Semi-Interquartile Range | |
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| Average Deviation | |
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| Variance | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Interpretation of Standard Deviation | |
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| Standard Score | |
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| Measures of Distribution Skewness | |
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| Measures of Distribution Kurtosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Keyword Definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise Answers | |
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| References | |
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| Bivariate Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Keywords | |
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| Bivariate Frequency Distributions | |
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| Graphing Relationship Between Two Variables | |
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| Shapes of Bivariate Frequency Distributions | |
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| Correlation: The Pearson r | |
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| Nature of Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (r) | |
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| Computation of Pearson r | |
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| Effect of Range on Value or Coefficient | |
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| Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Interpretation of r<sub>2</sub> (Coefficient of Determination) | |
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| Other Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Point Biserial r<sub>pb</sub> | |
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| Computation of Point Biserial | |
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| Assumptions Underlying Point Biserial | |
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| Biserial r | |
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| Computation of Biserial r<sub>b</sub> | |
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| Assumptions Underlying Biserial r | |
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| Interpretation of Biserial r | |
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| Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (Rho) | |
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| Calculation of Spearman Rho | |
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| Assumption Underlying Spearman Rho | |
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| Use of Spearman Rho | |
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| Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) | |
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| Computation of W | |
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| Phi Coefficient (�) | |
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| Computation of Phi | |
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| Assumptions Underlying Phi | |
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| Special Uses of Phi Coefficient | |
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| Correlation Ratio (Eta) | |
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| Calculation of Correlation Ratio | |
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| Prediction and Concept of Regression | |
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| Concept of Regression | |
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| Computation of Regression Lines | |
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| Equation for Straight Line | |
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| Computation of Linear Regression Line | |
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| Relation of b<sub>yx</sub> and b<sub>xy</sub> to r | |
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| Standard Error of Estimate | |
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| Computation of SE<sub>est</sub> | |
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| Interpretation of SE<sub>est</sub> | |
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| Summary | |
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| Keyword Definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise Answers | |
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| References | |
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| Simple Experimental Designs | |
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| Keywords | |
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| Introduction to Inferential Statistics | |
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| Sampling Distribution of Means | |
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| Example | |
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| Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Relationship of Sample Size to �<sub>X</sub> | |
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| Computing Standard Error of Mean �<sub>X</sub> | |
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| Sampling Distribution of Difference Between Two Means �<sub>D</sub><sub>X</sub> | |
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| Example | |
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| Computing �<sub>D</sub><sub>X</sub> | |
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| Statistical Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Example | |
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| One-Tailed Versus Two-Tailed Hypotheses | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Power of Statistical Testing | |
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| Two Randomized Groups Designs: t-Test for Independent Samples | |
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| Two Randomized Groups (Between Groups) Design | |
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| t-Test for Independent Data | |
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| Concept of Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Use of f-Test in Statistical Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Limitations of Randomized Groups Design | |
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| Two Matched Groups and Repeated Measures Designs: t-Test for Correlated Data | |
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| Two Matched Groups Design | |
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| t-Test for Correlated Data | |
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| Computation of f for Correlated Data | |
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| Repeated Measures (Within Subjects) Design | |
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| Advantages and Uses of Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Disadvantages of Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Counterbalancing in Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Using t-Test With Repeated Measures Design | |
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| Nonparametric Analysis | |
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| Mann-Whitney U-Test | |
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| Assumptions of Mann-Whitney U-Test | |
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| Computation of Mann-Whitney U-Test | |
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| Explanation of U-Test | |
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| Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test (T) | |
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| Assumptions of Wilcoxon Test | |
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| Computation of Wilcoxon Test | |
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| Explanation of Wilcoxon Test | |
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| Chi-Square | |
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| Chi-Square Distribution | |
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| Chi-Square Tests of Independence | |
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| Computation of Degrees of Freedom for Chi-Square Tests | |
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| Chi-Square Tests of Goodness of Fit | |
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| Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit to Normal | |
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| Computation of Chi-Square With Small Expected Frequencies | |
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| Testing for Significance of Correlation | |
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| Test for Significance of Phi (�) | |
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| Testing for Significance of Pearson r and Spearman Rho | |
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| Summary | |
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| Keyword Definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise Answers | |
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| References | |
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| Simple Analysis of Variance | |
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| Keywords | |
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| More Than Two Treatments Designs | |
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| Reasons for Using More Than Two Treatments | |
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| Using More Than Two Treatments May Yield a Different Answer | |
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| To Obtain Fairly Precise Knowledge of the IV-DM Relationship | |
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| To Study More Than Two Treatment Conditions | |
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| Types of More Than Two Treatment Designs | |
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| Single-Factor (Simple) Analysis of Variance | |
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| Concept of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| F-Test | |
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| Rationale for F-Test | |
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| Assumptions of F-Test | |
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| Why Multiple t-Tests Should Not Be Used | |
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| ANOVA for More Than Two Randomized Groups Design | |
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| Computation of Sums of Squares | |
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| Degrees of Freedom, Mean Squares, and F-Ratio | |
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| Generalized ANOVA Summary Table | |
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| Computational Example | |
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| ANOVA for Repeated Measures Design | |
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| Computation of Sums of Squares | |
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| Degrees of Freedom, Mean Squares, and F-Ratio | |
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| Generalized ANOVA Summary Table | |
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| Computation Example | |
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| Post Hoc Analyses: Multiple Comparisons Among Means | |
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| Tukey's WSD (Wholly Significant Difference) | |
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| Neuman-Keuls Test | |
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| Bonferroni t-Test | |
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| Scheffe Test for All Possible Comparisons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Keyword Definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise Answers | |
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| References | |
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| Multifactor Analysis of Variance | |
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| Keywords | |
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| Rationale for Factorial Designs | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Two-Factor Designs | |
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| Three-Factor Designs | |
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| Four-Factor Designs | |
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| Nested Designs | |
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| Fully Crossed Designs | |
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| Nested Designs | |
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| Limitation of Nested Designs | |
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| Types of Analysis of Variance Designs | |
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| Between-Groups Designs | |
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| Completely Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Designs | |