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| To the Teacher: Statistics as a Liberal Discipline | |
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| Applications Index | |
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| Prelude: Making Sense of Statistics | |
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| Statistics and You: What Lies Ahead in This Book | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Producing Data | |
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| Where Do Data Come From? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Talking about data: Individuals and variables | |
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| Observational studies | |
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| Sample surveys | |
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| Census | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Samples, Good and Bad | |
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| Case Study | |
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| How to sample badly | |
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| Simple random samples | |
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| Can you trust a sample? | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| What Do Samples Tell Us? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| From sample to population | |
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| Sampling variability | |
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| Margin of error and all that | |
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| Confidence statements | |
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| Sampling from large populations | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Should Election Polls Be Banned? | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Sample Surveys in the Real World | |
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| Case Study | |
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| How sample surveys go wrong | |
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| Sampling errors | |
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| Nonsampling errors | |
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| Wording questions | |
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| How to live with nonsampling errors | |
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| Sample design in the real world | |
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| Questions to ask before you believe a poll | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Experiments, Good and Bad | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Talking about experiments | |
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| How to experiment badly | |
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| Randomized comparative experiments | |
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| The logic of experimental design | |
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| Statistical significance | |
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| How to live with observational studies | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Experiments in the Real World | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Equal treatment for all | |
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| Double-blind experiments | |
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| Refusals, nonadherers, and dropouts | |
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| Can we generalize? | |
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| Experimental design in the real world | |
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| Matched pairs and block designs | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Is It or Isn't It a Placebo? | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Data Ethics | |
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| Case Study | |
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| First principles | |
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| Institutional review boards | |
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| Informed consent | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Clinical trials | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Hope for Sale? | |
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| Behavioral and social science experiments | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Measuring | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Measurement basics | |
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| Know your variables | |
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| Measurements valid and invalid | |
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| Statistical Controversies: SAT Exams in College Admissions | |
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| Measurements accurate and inaccurate | |
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| Improving reliability, reducing bias | |
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| Pity the poor psychologist | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Do the Numbers Make Sense? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| What didn't they tell us? | |
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| Are the numbers consistent with each other? | |
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| Are the numbers plausible? | |
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| Are the numbers too good to be true? | |
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| Is the arithmetic right? | |
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| Is there a hidden agenda? | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Review | |
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| Part I Summary | |
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| Part I Review Exercises | |
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| Part I Projects | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Organizing Data | |
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| Graphs, Good and Bad | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Data tables | |
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| Pie charts and bar graphs | |
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| Beware the pictogram | |
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| Change over time: Line graphs | |
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| Watch those scales! | |
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| Making good graphs | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Displaying Distributions with Graphs | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Histograms | |
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| Interpreting histograms | |
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| Stemplots | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Describing Distributions with Numbers | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Median and quartiles | |
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| The five-number summary and boxplots | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Income Inequality | |
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| Mean and standard deviation | |
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| Choosing numerical descriptions | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Normal Distributions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Density curves | |
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| The center and spread of a density curve | |
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| Normal distributions | |
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| The 68-95-99.7 rule | |
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| Standard scores | |
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| Percentiles of Normal distributions<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Describing Relationships: Scatterplots and Correlation | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Interpreting scatterplots | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Understanding correlation | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Describing Relationships: Regression, Prediction, and Causation | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Regression lines | |
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| Regression equations | |
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| Understanding prediction | |
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| Correlation and regression | |
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| The question of causation | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Gun Control and Crime | |
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| Evidence for causation | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| The Consumer Price Index and Government Statistics | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Index numbers | |
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| Fixed market basket price indexes | |
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| Using the CPI | |
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| Understanding the CPI | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Does the CPI Overstate Inflation? | |
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| The place of government statistics | |
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| The question of social statistics | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Review | |
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| Part II Summary | |
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| Part II Review Exercises | |
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| Part II Projects | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Chance | |
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| Thinking about Chance | |
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| Case Study | |
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| The idea of probability | |
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| The ancient history of chance | |
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| Myths about chance behavior | |
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| Personal probabilities | |
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| Probability and risk | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Probability Models | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Probability models | |
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| Probability rules | |
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| Probability models for sampling | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Simulation | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Where do probabilities come from? | |
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| Simulation basics | |
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| Thinking about independence | |
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| More elaborate simulations | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| The House Edge: Expected Values | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Expected values | |
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| The law of large numbers | |
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| Thinking about expected values | |
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| Statistical Controversies: The State of Legalized Gambling | |
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| Finding expected values by simulation | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Review | |
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| Part III Summary | |
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| Part III Review Exercises | |
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| Part III Projects | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Inference | |
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| What Is a Confidence Interval? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Estimating | |
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| Estimating with confidence | |
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| Understanding confidence intervals | |
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| More on confidence intervals for a population proportion<sup>*</sup> | |
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| The sampling distribution of a sample mean<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Confidence intervals for a population mean<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| What Is a Test of Significance? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| The reasoning of statistical tests of significance | |
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| Hypotheses and P-values | |
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| Statistical significance | |
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| Calculating P-values<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Tests for a population mean<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Use and Abuse of Statistical Inference | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Using inference wisely | |
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| The woes of significance tests | |
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| The advantages of confidence intervals | |
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| Significance at the 5% level isn't magical | |
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| Statistical Controversies: Should Significance Tests Be Banned? | |
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| Beware of searching for significance | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Two-Way Tables and the Chi-Square Test<sup>*</sup> | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Two-way tables | |
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| Inference for a two-way table | |
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| The chi-square test | |
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| Using the chi-square test | |
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| Simpson's paradox | |
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| Statistics in Summary | |
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| Case Study Evaluated | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the Web | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Review | |
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| Summary | |
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| Part IV Review Exercises | |
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| Part IV Projects | |
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| Notes and Data Sources | |
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| Resolving the Controversy | |
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| Solutions to "Now It's Your Turn" Exercises | |
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| Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | |
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| Index | |