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| Preface | |
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| Industrial Control Overview | |
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| Introduction to Industrial Control Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Industrial Control Classifications | |
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| Motion and Process Controls | |
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| Open- and Closed-Loop Systems | |
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| Elements of Open- and Closed-Loop Systems | |
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| Feedback Control | |
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| Practical Feedback Application | |
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| Dynamic Response of a Closed-Loop System | |
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| Feed-Forward Control | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interfacing Devices | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamental Operational Amplifiers | |
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| Operational Amplifier Comparator | |
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| Inverting Op Amp | |
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| Summing Amplifier | |
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| Noninverting Amplifier | |
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| Difference Operational Amplifier | |
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| Signal Processors | |
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| Integrator Operational Amplifier | |
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| Differentiator Operational Amplifier | |
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| Wave-Shaping Schmitt Trigger | |
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| Comparator Devices | |
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| Digital Magnitude Comparator | |
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| Optoelectronic Interface Devices | |
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| Photodiodes | |
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| Phototransistors | |
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| Photo SCR | |
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| Photo Triac | |
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| Optoelectronic Packaging | |
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| Digital-to-Analog Converters | |
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| Integrated-Circuit Digital-to-Analog Converter | |
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| Analog-to-Digital Converters | |
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| Integrated-Circuit Analog-to-Digital Converter | |
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| Timing Devices | |
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| 555 Astable Multivibrator | |
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| 555 Monostable Multivibrator | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Controller | |
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| The Controller Operation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Control Modes | |
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| On-Off Control | |
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| Proportional Control | |
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| Controller Amplification | |
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| Steady-State Error | |
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| Proportional-Integral Control | |
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| Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control | |
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| Time-Proportioning Control | |
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| Time-Proportioning Circuit | |
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| Problems | |
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| Process Control and Instrumentation | |
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| Pressure Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pressure Laws | |
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| Properties of a Liquid | |
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| Height | |
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| Weight | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Atmospheric Pressure | |
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| Mechanical Machines | |
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| Properties of a Gas | |
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| Temperature of the Gas | |
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| Volume of the Gas Container | |
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| Gas Removal from a Container | |
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| Pressure Measurement Scales | |
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| Gauge Pressure Scale | |
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| Absolute Pressure Scale | |
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| Differential Pressure Scale | |
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| Vacuum Pressure Scale | |
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| Pressure Measurement Instruments | |
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| Nonelectrical Pressure Sensors | |
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| Liquid Column Gauges | |
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| Mechanical Gauges | |
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| Electronic Pressure Sensors | |
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| Semiconductor Strain Gauges | |
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| Transverse Voltage Strain Gauge | |
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| Variable Capacitor Pressure Detector | |
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| Pressure Control Systems | |
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| Hydraulic Systems | |
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| Pneumatic Systems | |
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| Vacuum Systems | |
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| Static Pressure Systems | |
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| Steam Pressure Systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Temperature Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals of Temperature | |
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| Thermal Control Systems | |
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| Thermodynamic Transfer | |
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| Thermal Energy Source | |
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| Industrial Furnaces | |
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| Cooling Systems | |
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| Temperature Measurements | |
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| Temperature Scales | |
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| Differential Temperature | |
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| Temperature Indicating Devices | |
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| Crayons | |
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| Paints | |
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| Pellets | |
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| Labels | |
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| Liquid Crystal Indicator | |
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| Liquid Filled Thermometers | |
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| Electronic Sensors | |
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| Thermistor | |
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| Resistance Temperature Detectors | |
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| Thermocouple | |
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| Probe Assemblies | |
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| Radiation Thermometry | |
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| Problems | |
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| Flow Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systems Concepts | |
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| Reasons for Control | |
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| Flow Units of Measurement | |
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| Volumetric Flow Rate | |
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| Flow Velocity | |
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| Mass Flow Rate | |
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| Solid Flow Measurement | |
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| Fluid Flow Measurement | |
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| Pipe Flow Principles | |
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| Fluid Flowmeter Classification | |
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| Electronic Sensors | |
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| Coriolis Meters | |
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| Rotor Flow Detectors | |
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| Electromagnetic Flow Detectors | |
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| Thermal Flowmeters | |
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| Vortex Flowmeters | |
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| Ultrasonic Flowmeters | |
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| Time-of-Flight Flowmeter | |
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| Flowmeter Placement | |
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| Selecting a Flowmeter | |
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| Problems | |
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| Level Control Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Level Control System | |
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| Power Sources | |
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| Transfer Systems | |
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| Methods of Measurement | |
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| Point Level Measurements | |
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| Continuous Level Measurements | |
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| Level Measurement Methods | |
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| Float and Displacement Methods | |
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| Electronic Sensors | |
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| Conductive Probes | |
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| Capacitive Probes | |
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| Ultrasonic Sensors | |
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| Selecting a Level Sensor | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analytical Instrumentation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| pH Measurement and Control | |
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| pH Measurements | |
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| Controlling pH | |
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| Conductivity | |
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| Conductivity Electrode Probe | |
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| Conductivity Inductive Probe | |
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| Conductivity Applications and Control | |
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| Combustion Analyzers and Control | |
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| Combustible Gases | |
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| Hydrocarbon Gases | |
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| Controlling Combustion | |
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| Humidity | |
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| Quantitative Measures of Humidity | |
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| Absolute Humidity Sensor | |
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| Relative Humidity Detectors | |
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| Dew Point Measurements | |
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| Controlling Humidity | |
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| Sampling Measurement System | |
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| Problems | |
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| Industrial Process Techniques and Instrumentation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Batch Processes | |
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| Control Requirements | |
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| Types of Batch Processes | |
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| Chemical Reaction | |
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| Continuous Processes | |
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| Control Requirements | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Measurement Devices (Sensors) | |
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| Dynamic | |
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| Static | |
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| Feedback Loop Interface Instruments | |
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| Transmitters | |
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| Transducers | |
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| Controllers | |
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| Pneumatic Controllers | |
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| Panel-Mounted Controllers | |
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| Personal Computers | |
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| Programmable Logic Controllers | |
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| Distributed Control Systems (DCS) | |
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| Monitoring Instruments | |
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| Indicators | |
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| Alarms | |
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| Recorders | |
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| Manipulation Devices (The Final Control Element) | |
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| The Control Valve | |
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| DC and AC Motors | |
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| Problems | |
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| Instrumentation Symbology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Instrument Symbols | |
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| Individual Instruments | |
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| Tag Numbers | |
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| Line Symbols | |
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| Valve and Actuator Symbols | |
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| Control Valves | |
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| Actuators | |
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| Reading a Single Loop | |
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| Information Block | |
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| Problems | |
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| Process Control Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Open-Loop Control | |
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| Closed-Loop Control | |
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| Process Behavior | |
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| Single-Variable Control Loop | |
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| Response Time of the Instruments | |
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| Pure Lag of the Controlled Variable | |
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| Dead Time | |
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| Selecting a Controller | |
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| On-Off Control | |
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| Case Studies-Using Different Control Modes | |
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| Continuous Control | |
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| Proportional Mode | |
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| Integral Mode | |
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| Derivative Mode | |
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| Advanced Control Techniques | |
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| Cascade Control | |
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| Feed-Forward Control | |
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| Ratio Control | |
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| Adaptive Control | |
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| Problems | |
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| Instrument Calibration and Controller Tuning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Instrument Calibration | |
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| Reasons for Performing Calibrations | |
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| Calibration Preparation | |
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| Standard Calibration Procedure | |
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| Five-Point Calibration Procedure | |
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| Calibration Check | |
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| Calculating the Input Values | |
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| Calculating the Output Values | |
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| Analysis of Calibration Data | |
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| Transmitter Zero and Span Adjustments | |
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| Verification of Adjustments | |
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| Tuning the Controller | |
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| Trial-and-Error Tuning Method | |
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| Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Methods | |
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| Ziegler-Nichols Continuous Cycling Method | |
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| Ziegler-Nichols Reaction Curve Tuning Method | |
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| Controller Autotuning | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |