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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production | |
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| Basic Unit: The Structural Mechanisms and Processes of Speech Production | |
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| Overview | |
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| Respiratory Mechanism | |
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| Phonatory Mechanism | |
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| Resonatory Mechanism | |
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| Articulatory Mechanism | |
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| Auditory Mechanism | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: The Neuroanatomical Bases of Speech Production | |
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| Overview | |
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| Major Divisions of the Nervous System | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Peripheral Nervous System | |
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| Integrating the Systems: Neuromotor Control of Speech | |
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| Theories or Models of Speech Production | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Basic Unit: Basic Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Phonetics | |
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| Quick Review of the Speech Production Mechanism | |
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| Phoneme Classification | |
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| Speech Production: A Dynamic Human Behavior | |
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| Phonological Rules of a Language | |
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| Phonological Processes | |
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| Clinical Distinction Between Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Advanced Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Aerodynamic Aspects of Speech | |
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| Acoustic Aspects of Speech | |
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| Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech | |
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| Selected Phonological Theories | |
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| The Goals of Phonological Theories | |
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| Theory of Naturalness and Markedness | |
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| Linear Versus Nonlinear Phonological Theories | |
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| Metric Theory | |
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| Feature Geometry | |
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| Optimality Theory | |
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| Phonetic Versus Phonological Theories | |
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| Evaluation of Phonological Theories | |
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| The Clinician and the Theoretician | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills | |
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| Basic Unit: Normal Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills from Infancy Through the Early School Years | |
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| Prelinguistic Development | |
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| Transition from Babbling to Meaningful Speech | |
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| Development of Meaningful Speech: The First Real Words | |
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| Development of the Sound System | |
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| Development of Phonological Patterns | |
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| Speech Intelligibility | |
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| Development in the School Years: Phonological Awareness | |
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| Bilingual and Ethnocultural Variables in the Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Theoretical Issues in Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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| Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Speech Perception and Discrimination Research | |
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| Theories of Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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| Concluding Comments on Theoretical Differences | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance | |
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| Basic Unit: Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance | |
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| Anatomic, Neurological, and Physiological Variables | |
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| Motor Skills | |
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| Sensory Variables | |
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| Language Skills | |
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| Personal Characteristics | |
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| Familial Prevalence | |
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| Tongue Thrust | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Research on Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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| Logical and Conceptual Problems | |
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| Methodological Issues | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Ethnocultural Variables Affecting Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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| Basic Unit: Ethnocultural Variables of Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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| African American English | |
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| Native American Languages | |
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| Spanish Language | |
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| Asian and Pacific Islander Languages | |
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| Guidelines on Working with Children Who Have Dual Phonological Repertoire | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Theoretical and Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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| Theoretical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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| Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Assessment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders | |
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| Basic Unit: General Assessment Procedures for Articulation and Phonological Disorders | |
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| Overview of Assessment | |
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| Assessment Procedures | |
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| Taking a Case History | |
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| Performing an Orofacial Examination | |
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| Conducting a Hearing Screening | |
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| Administering Standardized Tests | |
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| Evoking a Connected Speech Sample | |
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| Conducting Stimulability Testing | |
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| Performing Contextual Testing | |
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| Testing Speech Discrimination | |
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| Analyzing and Interpreting the Assessment Information | |
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| Making a Diagnosis | |
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| Determining the Prognosis for Improvement | |
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| Making Treatment Recommendations | |
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| Conducting the Final Interview | |
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| Writing a Diagnostic Report | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Description and Assessment of Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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| Apraxia of Speech | |
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| Dysarthria | |
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| Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Cleft Lip and Palate | |
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| Hearing Impairment | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Specific Treatment Approaches | |
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| How Different Are the Varied Treatment Approaches? | |
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| Traditional Approach | |
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| Sensory-Motor Approach | |
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| Multiple-Phoneme Approach | |
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| Paired-Stimuli Approach | |
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| Programmed Conditioning for Articulation | |
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| Distinctive Feature Approach | |
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| Cycles Approach | |
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| Phonological Contrast Approaches | |
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| Language Treatment for Phonological Disorders | |
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| The Question of Oral-Motor Exercises | |
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| Summary | |
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| A Comprehensive and Evidence-Based Treatment Program | |
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| Basic Unit: Treatment Principles and Procedures | |
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| Selecting Potential Target Behaviors | |
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| Deciding on the Number of Sounds or Patterns to Teach | |
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| Establishing Baselines | |
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| Selecting the Initial Level and Sequence of Training | |
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| Developing Measurable Objectives | |
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| Planning and Developing a Treatment Program | |
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| Establishing the Motor Production of Sounds | |
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| Increasing and Strengthening Established Behaviors | |
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| Reducing Undesirable Behaviors | |
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| Structuring the Treatment Sessions | |
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| Probing for Generalized Responses | |
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| Implementing a Maintenance Program | |
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| Dismissing the Client from Therapy, Performing Follow-Up Assessments, and Providing Booster Therapy | |
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| Assessing and Treating Phonological Awareness | |
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| Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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| Advanced Unit: Treatment of Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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| Childhood Apraxia of Speech | |
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| Dysarthria in Children | |
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| Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Cleft Palate | |
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| Hearing Impairment | |
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| Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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| Muscles and Nerves Involved in the Production of English Consonants | |
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| The International Phonetic Alphabet | |
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| Definition of Other Phonological Processes | |
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| Sample Diagnostic Reports | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |