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| Preface | |
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| The Sociological Study of Childhood | |
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| Social Theories of Childhood | |
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| Sociology's Rediscovery of Childhood | |
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| Traditional Theories: Socialization | |
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| The Deterministic Model: Society Appropriates the Child | |
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| The Constructivist Model: The Child Appropriates Society | |
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| Children's Understanding of Conservation of Mass | |
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| Interpretive Reproduction: Children Collectively Participate in Society | |
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| From Individual Progression to Collective Reproductions | |
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| The Orb Web Model | |
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| Children's Two Cultures | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Structure of Childhood and Children's Interpretive Reproductions | |
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| Assumptions of the Structural Perspective | |
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| Childhood as a Structural Form | |
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| Effects of Societal Forces on Childhood | |
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| Children's Activities and Contributions to Society | |
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| Childhood, Children's Activities, and Interpretive Reproduction in Peer Culture | |
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| Three Kinds of Collective Action | |
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| Summary | |
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| Studying Children and Childhood | |
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| Macrolevel Methods | |
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| Demographic Studies | |
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| Large-Scale Surveys | |
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| Historical Methods | |
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| Microlevel Methods | |
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| Individual and Group Interviews | |
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| Ethnography and Sociolinguistic Analysis | |
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| Nontraditional Methods in Studying Children | |
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| Ethical Issues in Researching Children's Lives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Children, Childhood, and Families in Historical and Cultural Context | |
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| Historical Views of Childhood and Children | |
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| Philippe Ari�s's Centuries of Childhood | |
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| The Debate Regarding Grand-Stage Theories of the Family and Childhood | |
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| The New History of Childhood | |
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| Barbara Hanawalt's Growing Up in Medieval London | |
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| Slave Children in the Pre-Civil War South | |
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| American Pioneer and Immigrant Children at the Turn of the 20th Century | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Change, Families, and Children | |
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| Examining Changes in Families From the Children's Perspective | |
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| Children's Everyday Lives in Families | |
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| Studies of Families in Western Societies | |
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| Studies of Families in Non-Western Societies | |
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| The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Children and Childhood in Western Societies | |
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| The Rapid Decline of Two-Parent Farm Families | |
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| The Decline in Family Size | |
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| The Rise in Mothers' Labor Force Participation | |
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| The Rise in Mother-Only Families | |
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| Patterns in Child Population by Race and Ethnicity | |
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| The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Children and Childhood in Developing Societies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Children's Cultures | |
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| Children's Peer Cultures and Interpretive Reproduction | |
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| Examining Peer Culture From Children's Perspective | |
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| Central Importance of Peer Culture in Interpretive Reproduction | |
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| Parental Versus Peer Effects on Children's Development | |
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| Children's Transition to Initial Peer Cultures | |
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| Symbolic Aspects of Children's Cultures | |
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| The Media | |
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| Literature and Fairy Tales | |
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| Mythical Figures and Legends | |
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| Material Aspects of Children's Cultures | |
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| Historical Studies of Children's Material Culture | |
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| Marketing Studies of Children's Material Culture | |
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| Children, Parents, and Consumer Culture | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sharing and Control in Initial Peer Cultures | |
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| Central Themes in Children's Initial Peer Cultures | |
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| Friendship, Sharing, and Social Participation | |
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| Play Routines Among Toddlers | |
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| The Protection of Interactive Space and Children's Early Friendships | |
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| Language, Sharing Routines, and Rituals | |
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| Autonomy and Control in Peer Culture | |
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| Sociodramatic Role-Play | |
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| Challenging Adult Authority | |
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| Confronting Confusions, Fears, and Conflicts in Fantasy Play | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conflict and Differentiation in the Initial Peer Culture | |
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| Conflict and Peer Relations | |
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| Discussion, Debate, and Peace in Italian Preschools | |
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| Oppositional Talk in a Head Start Center | |
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| Conflict and Friendship in an American Upper-Middle-Class Preschool | |
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| The Contextual Nature of Conflict and Community | |
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| Social Differentiation in Initial Peer Cultures | |
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| Gender Differentiation | |
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| Race and Race Differentiation | |
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| Status Differentiation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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| Peer Cultures in Preadolescence | |
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| Friendship Processes in Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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| Social Participation and Friendships | |
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| Social Differentiation and Friendships | |
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| Social Differentiation, Friendships, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity | |
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| Autonomy and Identity in Preadolescent Peer Cultures | |
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| Verbal Routines, Games, and Heterosexual Relations | |
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| Disputes, Conflict, Friendships, and Gender | |
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| Verbal Disputes and Conflict in Peer Relations | |
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| Borderwork in Cross-Gender Relations | |
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| Challenging Adult Authority and Norms | |
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| Generation M: Electronic Media in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents | |
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| Patterns in Media Use | |
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| Effects and Process of Media Use in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Children, Social Problems, and the Future of Childhood | |
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| Children, Social Problems, and the Family | |
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| Changing Family Structures and Children's Lives | |
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| Work, Families, and Childhood | |
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| Working Mothers and Young Children | |
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| Social Policy Regarding Maternity and Family Leave | |
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| Social Policy Regarding Child Care and Early Childhood Education | |
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| Divorce and Its Effects on Children | |
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| Patterns in Divorce and Economic Consequences for Women and Children | |
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| Social and Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children | |
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| Child Abuse in the Family | |
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| Summary | |
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| Children, Social Problems, and Society | |
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| Poverty and the Quality of Children's Lives | |
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| Problems and Progress in Developing Countries | |
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| Poverty and Child Labor in Developing Countries | |
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| Child Poverty in Industrialized Countries | |
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| Variations in Child Poverty and Quality of Life in Industrialized Countries | |
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| The Human Face of Poverty: The Story of Nicholas | |
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| Teen Pregnancy and Nonmarital Births | |
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| The Rise in Teen Nonmarital Births | |
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| Possible Cause of Trends in Teen Nonmarital Births | |
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| Consequences for Teen Parents and Their Children | |
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| Violence, Victimization, and the Loss of Childhood | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Future of Childhood | |
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| The Major Challenges | |
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| Confronting Child Poverty in the United States | |
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| Combating Child Poverty in Developing Countries | |
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| Some More Modest Proposals to Enrich Children's Lives | |
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| Enhancing the Lives of Families and Children | |
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| Supporting Families and Children at Risk | |
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| Acting Right Now | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |