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Preface | |
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The What and Why of Statistics | |
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The Research Process | |
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Asking Research Questions | |
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The Role of Theory | |
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Formulating the Hypothesis | |
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Collecting Data | |
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Analyzing Data and Evaluating the Hypotheses | |
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Looking at Social Differences | |
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Organization of Information: Frequency Distributions | |
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Frequency Distributions | |
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Proportions and Percentages | |
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Percentage Distributions | |
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Comparisons | |
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Statistics in Practice: Labor Force Participation Among Latinos | |
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The Construction of Frequency Distributions | |
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Cumulative Distributions | |
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Rates | |
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Statistics in Practice: Marriage and Divorce Rates Over Time | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Statistical Tables | |
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Conclusion | |
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Graphic Presentation | |
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The Pie Chart: Race and Ethnicity of the Elderly | |
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The Bar Graph: Living Arrangements and Labor Force Participation of the Elderly | |
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The Statistical Map: The Distribution of the Elderly | |
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The Histogram | |
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Statistics in Practice: The "Graying" of America | |
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The Frequency Polygon | |
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Time Series Charts | |
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Statistics in Practice: Diversity at a Glance | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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The Mode | |
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The Median | |
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The Mean | |
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The Shape of the Distribution: Television and Education | |
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Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency | |
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Measures of Variability | |
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The Importance of Measuring Variability | |
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The Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV): A Brief Introduction | |
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The Range | |
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The Interquartile Range: Increases in Elderly Population | |
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The Box Plot | |
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The Variance and the Standard Deviation | |
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Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Variation | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Differences in College Aspirations and Expectations Among Latino Adolescents | |
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The Normal Distribution | |
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Properties of the Normal Distribution | |
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Standard (Z) Scores | |
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The Standard Normal Distribution | |
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The Standard Normal Table | |
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A Final Note | |
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Sampling and Sampling Distribution | |
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Aims of Sampling | |
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Some Basic Principles of Probability | |
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Probability Sampling | |
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The Concept of Sampling Distributions | |
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The Sampling Distribution of the Mean | |
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The Central Limit Theorem | |
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Estimation | |
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Estimation Defined | |
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Procedures for Estimating Confidence Intervals for Means | |
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Statistics in Practice: Hispanic Migration and Earnings | |
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Confidence Intervals for Proportions | |
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Statistics in Practice: The Democratic Presidential Nomination | |
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Testing Hypotheses | |
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Assumptions of Statistical Hypothesis Testing | |
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Stating the Research and Null Hypotheses | |
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Determining What Is Sufficiently Improbable: Probability Values and Alpha | |
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The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary | |
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Errors in Hypothesis Testing | |
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Testing Hypotheses About Two Samples | |
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The Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Means | |
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The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing About Difference Between Means: A Summary | |
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Testing the Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions | |
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Relationship Between Two Variables: Cross-Tabulation | |
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Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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How to Construct a Bivariate Table: Race and Home Ownership | |
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How to Compute Percentages in a Bivariate Table | |
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How to Deal With Ambiguous Relationships Between Two Variables | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Place of Death in America | |
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The Properties of a Bivariate Relationship | |
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Elaboration | |
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Statistics in Practice: Family Support fort he Transition From High School | |
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The Chi-Square Test | |
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The Concept of the Chi-Square as a Statistical Test | |
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The Concept of Statistical Independence | |
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The Structure of Hypothesis Testing With Chi-Square | |
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The Limitations of the Chi-Square Test: Sample Size and Statistical Significance | |
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Statistics in Practice: Education and Health Assement | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Sibling Cooperation and Academic Achievement | |
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Measures of Association for Nominal and Ordinal Variables | |
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Proportional Reduction of Error: A Brief Introduction | |
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Lambda: A Measure of Association for Nominal Variables | |
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Gamma: An Ordinal Measure of Association | |
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Calculating Gamma | |
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Calculating Kendall's Tau-b | |
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Using Ordinal Measures with Dichotomous Variables | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Worldview and Abortion Beliefs | |
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Regression and Correlation | |
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The Scatter Diagram | |
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Linear Relations and Prediction Rules | |
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Statistics in Practice: Median Household Income and Criminal Behavior | |
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Methods for Assessing the Accuracy of Predictions | |
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Statistics in Practice: Teen Pregnancy and Social Inequality | |
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Statistics in Practice: The Marriage Penalty in Earnings | |
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Multiple Regression | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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Understanding Analysis of Variance | |
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The Structure of Hypothesis Testing Wwith ANOVA | |
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The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary | |
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Testing the Significance of r2 Using ANOVA | |
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ANOVA for Multiple Linear Regressions | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Self-Image and Ethnic Indentification | |
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Reading the Research Literature: Effects of Authority Structures and Gender on Interaction in Task Groups | |
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Table of Random Numbers | |
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The Standard Normal Table | |
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Distribution of t | |
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Distribution of Chi-Square | |
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Distribution of F | |
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A Basic Math Review | |
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Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions | |
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Index | |