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Introduction | |
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Introduction | |
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Media, Culture, Society | |
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Starting Points: Shaping, Mirroring and Re-presenting | |
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The Communications Process | |
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Transmitters, Receivers and Noise | |
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Who Says What and Other Questions | |
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Linear and One-Dimensional | |
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Elements of Media in Socio-Cultural Context | |
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Media, Power and Control | |
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Media, Identity and Culture | |
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Making Connections | |
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Elements Of Media | |
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Media Technologies | |
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Introduction | |
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Contrasting Medium Theories | |
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McLuhan: The Medium is the Message | |
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Kill Your Television | |
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Technological Determinism | |
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Hot, Cool or Both? | |
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Generalization and Reification | |
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Technologies and Social Contexts | |
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Capacities and Constraints | |
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Into the Digital Age | |
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Convergence | |
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Interactivity | |
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Mobility | |
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The Internet: A Cure for Social Ills | |
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Conclusion: Technologies in Context | |
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Media Industry | |
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Introduction | |
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Media Organizations | |
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Commercial Ownership | |
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Concentration of Ownership = Concentration of Ideas? | |
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The Bottom Line: Sources of Revenue | |
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Advertising Revenue | |
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Direct Audience Payment | |
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Payments Between Companies | |
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Maximising Audiences | |
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The Role of Sponsors | |
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Governments and Regulation | |
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Access Restrictions | |
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Ownership Restrictions | |
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Content Regulation | |
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Deregulation | |
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Supporting the Industry: Copyright | |
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Conclusion: Economic Determinism? | |
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Media Content | |
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Introduction | |
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Media Texts as Arrangements of Signs | |
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Signs as Arbitrary? | |
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Levels of Meaning | |
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Signs as Relational | |
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Uncovering Mythology | |
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Limitations of Semiology | |
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Narrative, Genre and Discourse Analysis | |
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Narrative Analysis | |
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Genre Analysis | |
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Discourse Analysis | |
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From Quality to Quantity: Content Analysis | |
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'Systematic, Objective and Quantifiable' | |
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Categories and Coding | |
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Population and Sample | |
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Case Study: Gerbner and Television Violence | |
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Limitations of Content Analysis | |
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Conclusion: Putting Texts into Context | |
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Media Users | |
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Introduction | |
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US Empirical Traditions of Audience Research | |
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Effects Research | |
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Limited Effects and Two-Step Flow | |
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Uses and Gratifications | |
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Functionalist and Complacent? | |
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Cultural Studies: Dominant and Oppositional Readings | |
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Encoding, Decoding and Preferred Meanings | |
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Social Context and Differential Readings | |
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Audiences as Cultural Producers | |
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Ethnographies of Audiences, Fans and Users | |
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Conclusion: An Uncritical Celebration? | |
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Media, Power And Control | |
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Media As Manipulation: Marxism And Ideology | |
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Introduction | |
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Marxism and Ideology: Basics | |
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The Culture Industry as Mass Deception | |
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Unsupported Elitism? | |
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Ideological Meanings | |
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Beyond Marx' Materialism | |
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Case Study: Consumerist Myths | |
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Political Economy and Ideology | |
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Manufacturing Consent | |
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Cultural Imperialism as Globalization of Ideology | |
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Arguments and Criticisms | |
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Political Economic versus Cultural Approaches | |
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Complex Communication Flows and Consumer Resistance | |
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Conclusion: Avoiding Easy Dismissals | |
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The Construction Of News | |
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Introduction | |
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Selection, Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting | |
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News Values | |
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Case Study: September 11th | |
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Constructing Stories | |
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Differences Between Outlets | |
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Medium | |
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Style and Market Position | |
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Political Stance | |
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Similarities: Back to Bias and Ideology? | |
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Class Bias | |
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Institutional Bias | |
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Infotainment and Depoliticization | |
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Conclusion: Bad News? | |
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Public Service Or Personal Entertainment? Controlling Media Orientation | |
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Introduction | |
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Public Service Broadcasting | |
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Reith and the BBC | |
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Differing PSB Arrangements | |
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Developing PSB Principles | |
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Enabling or Imposing? | |
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Censorship: Preventing Harm and Offence | |
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Avoiding Majority (and Minority) Offence | |
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Pornography | |
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Violence | |
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Preventing Harm or Inhibiting Freedom? | |
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Commercial Competition and Consumer Choice | |
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Neo-Liberal Approaches | |
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US Broadcasting: A Free Market Model | |
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A Toaster with Pictures: The Decline of Regulation | |
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Conclusion: A Rosy Commercial Future? | |
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Decline Of The National Public: Commercialization, Fragmentation And Globalization | |
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Introduction | |
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Media and the Public Sphere | |
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Habermas' Public Sphere | |
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Media and Public Engagement | |
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Nation as Imagined Community | |
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Decline of the Public Sphere | |
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From Facilitators to Shapers | |
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Commercially Driven Content | |
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Digital Dilution of the Nation | |
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Fragmentation | |
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Globalization | |
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The Internet: Interactive but Fragmented | |
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Conclusion: National Public - Good Riddance? | |
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Media, Identity And Culture | |
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Media, Ethnicity And Diaspora | |
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Introduction | |
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Racism and Exclusion | |
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Representation | |
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Under-Representation | |
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Stereotypical Representations | |
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The Reproduction of Subordination | |
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Promoting 'Positive' Images | |
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Reversing Stereotypes of Passivity | |
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Successful, Well Adjusted, Integrated | |
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The Burden of Representation | |
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New Ethnicities and Diaspora | |
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New Ethnicities | |
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Diaspora | |
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Representing Diaspora | |
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Audience Segregation | |
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Newspapers, Video and Global Bollywood | |
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Digital Specialization | |
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Online Diaspora | |
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Conclusion: Empowerment or Ghettoization? | |
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Media, Gender And Sexuality | |
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Introduction | |
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Constructions of Femininity | |
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Female Marginalization | |
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The Male Gaze | |
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Patriarchal Romance and Domesticity | |
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Post-Feminist Independence? | |
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The Enduring Gaze | |
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Elitist Critics | |
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Empowering Possibilities | |
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Reading the Romance | |
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Subversive Pleasures | |
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From Consumers to Producers | |
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Remaining Critical | |
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Media and Masculinities | |
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Masculinity or Masculinities? | |
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Lads Mags and Contradictory Representations | |
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Beyond Heterosexuality | |
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Conclusion: A Balanced Approach | |
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Media Communities: Subcultures, Fans And Identity Groups | |
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Introduction | |
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Media versus Community | |
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Homogenization and Atomization | |
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Resisting Mass Culture (and Media): Youth Subcultures | |
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Moral Panic and Mass Media Stigmatization | |
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Targeting Community | |
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Local Media | |
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Niche Magazines and Consumer Groups | |
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Niche Digital Media | |
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DIY Media and Internet Communication | |
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Fanzines | |
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Online Micro-Communication | |
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Virtual Community | |
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Communities or Individuals? | |
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Conclusion: All About Definitions | |
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Saturation, Fluidity And Loss Of Meaning | |
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Introduction | |
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Saturation as Loss of Meaning | |
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Consumerism: Expansion and Speed-Up | |
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Information Overload | |
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Media = Reality | |
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From Truth, to Ideology, to Simulacra | |
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Celebrity Culture as Hyperreal | |
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Identity: Fragmentation and Fluidity | |
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Recycling and Pastiche | |
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The Internet As Virtual Playground | |
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Simulated Identity? | |
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Internet as Extension of Everyday Life | |
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Case Study: Social Networking Sites | |
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Conclusion: Saturated but Real | |
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Glossary | |