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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction to Lifespan Nutrition | |
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The lifespan approach to nutrition | |
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The concept of balance | |
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A supply and demand model | |
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Overnutrition | |
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Undernutrition | |
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Increased demand | |
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The metabolic response to trauma | |
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Compromised supply and deficiency | |
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Malnutrition | |
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Classical balance studies | |
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Overall nutritional status | |
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Nutrition requirements change across the lifespan | |
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Assessment of nutritional status | |
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Anthropometric measures | |
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Estimating dietary intakes | |
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Indirect measures | |
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Direct measures | |
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Biomarkers of nutritional status | |
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Clinical examination | |
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Dietary reference values | |
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The UK dietary reference value system | |
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Dietary reference values in other countries | |
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Before Life Begins | |
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Introduction | |
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Nutrition and female fertility | |
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Determinants of fertility and infertility | |
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The endocrine control of female reproduction | |
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Disordered reproductive cycling | |
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Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
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Assisted reproductive technologies | |
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Importance of body fat | |
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Role of leptin | |
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Antioxidant nutrients | |
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Caffeine and alcohol | |
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Nutrition and male fertility | |
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Determinants of fertility and infertility | |
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Obesity | |
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Diabetes | |
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Alcohol | |
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Zinc | |
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Antioxidant nutrients | |
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Selenium | |
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Phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens | |
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Phthalates | |
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Phytoestrogens | |
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Pesticides | |
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Preparation for pregnancy | |
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Why prepare for pregnancy? | |
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Vitamin A and liver | |
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Folic acid and neural tube defects | |
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Supplementation with folic acid | |
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Fortification with folic acid | |
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Pregnancy | |
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Introduction | |
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Physiological demands of pregnancy | |
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Maternal weight gain and body composition changes | |
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Blood volume expansion and cardiovascular changes | |
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Renal changes | |
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Respiratory changes | |
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Gastrointestinal changes | |
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Metabolic adaptations | |
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Nutrient requirements in pregnancy | |
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Energy, protein, and lipids | |
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Micronutrients | |
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Iron | |
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Calcium and other minerals | |
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Vitamin D | |
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Diet in relation to pregnancy outcomes | |
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Miscarriage and stillbirth | |
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Premature labor | |
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Pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain | |
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Alcohol and caffeine consumption | |
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Oral health | |
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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | |
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The etiology of PE | |
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Nutrition-related factors and PE | |
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Abnormal labor | |
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Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) | |
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NVP as a normal physiological process | |
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Hyperemesis gravidarum | |
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Cravings and aversions | |
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Pica | |
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Gastrointestinal disturbances in pregnancy | |
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High-risk pregnancies | |
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Gestational diabetes | |
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Multiple pregnancies | |
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders | |
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Fetal Nutrition and Disease in Later Life | |
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Introduction | |
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The developmental origins of adult disease | |
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The concept of programming | |
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Fetal programming and human disease | |
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Evidence linking maternal nutrition to disease in later life | |
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Epidemiology | |
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Criticisms of the programming hypothesis | |
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Experimental studies | |
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Global undernutrition | |
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Micronutrients | |
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Macronutrients | |
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Mechanistic basis of fetal programming | |
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Thrifty phenotypes and genotypes | |
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Predictive adaptive responses | |
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Tissue remodeling | |
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Endocrine imbalance | |
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Nutrientgene interactions | |
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Epigenetic regulation | |
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Implications of the programming hypothesis | |
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Public health interventions | |
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Trans-generational transmission of disease risk | |
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Lactation and Infant Feeding | |
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Introduction | |
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The physiology of lactation | |
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Anatomy of the breast | |
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The nipple and areola | |
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The lactiferous ducts | |
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The lactiferous sinuses | |
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The alveolar cells | |
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The rooting reflex | |
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Synthesis of milk | |
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Foremilk and hindmilk | |
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Time of day | |
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Course of lactation | |
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Synthesis of carbohydrates | |
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Origins of milk fats | |
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Milk proteins | |
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Endocrine control of lactation | |
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The breast during pregnancy | |
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Established lactation | |
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The breast after weaning | |
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Maintenance of lactation | |
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Nutritional demands of lactation | |
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The advantages of breast-feeding | |
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Advantages for the mother | |
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Advantages for the infant | |
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Recommendation to feed to 6 months | |
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Trends in breast-feeding behavior | |
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Reasons why women do not breast-feed | |
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Promoting breast-feeding | |
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Situations in which breast-feeding is not advised | |
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Alternatives to breast-feeding | |
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Cows milk formulas | |
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Milk stages and follow-on milk | |
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Preterm formulas | |
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Soy formulas | |
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Hydrolyzed protein and amino-acid-based formulas | |
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Other formulas | |
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Nutrition and Childhood | |
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Introduction | |
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Infancy (birth to five) | |
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The key developmental milestones | |
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Nutrient requirements | |
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Macronutrients and energy | |
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Micronutrients | |
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Nutrient intakes and infants | |
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Transition to an adult pattern of food intake | |
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Weaning | |
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Nutrition-related problems | |
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Barriers to healthy nutrition | |
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Childhood (five to thirteen) | |
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Nutrient requirements of the older child | |
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School meals and the promotion of healthy eating | |
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The importance of breakfast | |
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Obesity in children | |
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The rising prevalence of obesity | |
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The causes of obesity in childhood | |
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Physical activity | |
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Food intake | |
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Genetic disorders | |
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The consequences of childhood obesity | |
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Immediate health consequences | |
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Tracking of obesity: consequences for the future | |
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Treatment of childhood obesity | |
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Prevention of childhood obesity | |
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Nutrition and Adolescence | |
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Introduction | |
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Physical development | |
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Growth rate | |
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Body composition | |
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Puberty and sexual maturation | |
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Bone growth | |
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Psychosocial development | |
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Nutritional requirements in adolescence | |
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Macronutrients and energy | |
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Micronutrients | |
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Nutritional intakes in adolescence | |
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Factors that influence food choice | |
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Food consumed out of the home | |
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Meal skipping and snacking | |
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Potential problems with nutrition | |
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Dieting and weight control | |
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The vegetarian teenager | |
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Sport and physical activity | |
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Eating disorders | |
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Anorexia nervosa | |
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Bulimia nervosa | |
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The pregnant teenager | |
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Alcohol | |
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Tobacco smoking | |
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Drug abuse | |
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The Adult Years | |
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Introduction | |
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Changing needs for nutrients | |
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Guidelines for healthy nutrition | |
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Disease states associated with unhealthy nutrition and lifestyle | |
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Obesity | |
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Classification of overweight and obesity | |
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Prevalence and trends in obesity | |
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Causes of obesity in adulthood | |
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Treatment of obesity | |
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Type-2 diabetes | |
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The metabolic syndrome | |
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Cardiovascular disease | |
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What is cardiovascular disease? | |
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Risk factors for cardiovascular disease | |
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Nutrition-related factors and risk of cardiovascular disease | |
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Cancer | |
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What is cancer? | |
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Diet is the main determinant of cancer risk | |
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Nutritional epidemiology and cancer | |
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Dietary factors that may promote cancer | |
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Dietary factors that may reduce cancer risk | |
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Nutrition, Aging, and the Elderly | |
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Introduction | |
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The aging population | |
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The aging process | |
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Impact on physiological systems | |
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Mechanisms of cellular senescence | |
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Oxidative senescence | |
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The role of p53 activation | |
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Telomere shortening | |
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The INK4a/ARF axis | |
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Nutritional modulation of the aging process | |
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Caloric restriction and lifespan | |
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Fetal programming of lifespan | |
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Supplementary antioxidants | |
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Nutrient requirements of the elderly | |
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Macronutrients and energy | |
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Micronutrients | |
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Specific guidelines for the elderly | |
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Barriers to healthy nutrition in the elderly | |
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Malnutrition and the elderly | |
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Poverty | |
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Social isolation | |
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Education | |
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Physical changes | |
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Combating malnutrition in the elderly | |
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Common nutrition-related health problems | |
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Bone disorders | |
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Bone mineralization and remodeling | |
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Osteoporosis pathology and prevalence | |
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Risk factors for osteoporosis | |
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Dietary interventions for osteoporosis prevention | |
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Pagets disease of bone | |
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Immunity and infection | |
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Digestive tract disorders | |
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Mouth and esophagus | |
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Stomach | |
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Small intestine | |
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Large intestine | |
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Anemia | |
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Iron deficiency anemia | |
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Vitamin B12 deficiency | |
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Folic acid deficiency | |
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Cognitive impairment and anemia | |
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Personalized Nutrition | |
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Introduction | |
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The individual response to variation in food intake | |
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Genes may determine food intake | |
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Regulation of food intake | |
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Regulation of macronutrient intake | |
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Regulation of taste | |
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Genes may determine nutrient bioavailability and utilization | |
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Nutritional regulation of gene expression | |
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Identifying disease risk biomarkers | |
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Nutrigenomics | |
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Proteomics | |
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Metabolomics | |
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Genetic influences on response to nutrients and disease risk | |
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Obesity | |
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Cardiovascular disease | |
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Cancer | |
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Nutrientgene interactions a lifespan approach | |
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The future of nutritional advice? | |
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Glossary of Terms | |
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Index | |