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| List of Figures | |
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| Notes on Editors | |
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| Personal Acknowledgments | |
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| Text Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unit 1 The Ancient and Medieval Periods | |
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| Atoms and Empty Space | |
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| Letter to Herodotus: Epicurus | |
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| The Paradoxes of Motion: Zeno | |
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| Plato�s Cosmology: Plato | |
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| The Structure and Motion of the Heavenly Spheres: Aristotle | |
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| Change, Natures, and Causes: Aristotle | |
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| Scientific Inference and the Knowledge of Essential Natures: Aristotle | |
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| The Cosmos and the Shape and Size of the Earth: Aristotle | |
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| The Divisions of Nature and the Divisions of Knowledge: Aristotle | |
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| On Methods of Inference: Philodemus | |
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| The Explanatory Power of Atomism: Lucretius | |
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| The Earth: Its Size, Shape, and Immobility | |
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| The Weaknesses of Hypotheses: Proclus | |
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| Projectile Motion | |
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| Free Fall | |
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| Against the Reality of Epicycles and Eccentrics | |
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| Impetus and its Applications | |
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| The Possibility of a Rotating Earth | |
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| Unit 2 The Scientific Revolution | |
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| The Nature and Grounds of the Copernican System | |
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| The Unsigned Letter | |
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| The Motion of the Earth | |
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| The New Star | |
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| A Man Ahead of His Time | |
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| On Arguments about a Moving Earth | |
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| Eight Minutes of Arc | |
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| Tradition and Experience | |
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| A Moving Earth Is More Probable Than the Alternative | |
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| The Ship and the Tower | |
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| The Copernican View Vindicated | |
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| The "Corpuscular" Philosophy | |
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| Successful Hypotheses and High Probability | |
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| Inductive Methodology | |
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| Space, Time, and the Elements of Physics | |
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| Four Rules of Reasoning | |
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| General Scholium | |
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| The System of the World | |
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| Unit 3 The Modern Period | |
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| The Inductive Method | |
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| Rules for the Discovery of Scientific Truth | |
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| Rationalism and Scientific Method | |
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| Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits | |
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| The Principle of Least Action | |
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| Space, Time, and Symmetry | |
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| The Problem of Induction | |
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| The Nature of Cause and Effect | |
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| The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science | |
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| Unit 4 Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century | |
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| The Nature of Scientific Explanation | |
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| Determinism, Ignorance, and Probability | |
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| Hypotheses, Data, and Crucial Experiments | |
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| An Empiricist Account of Scientific Discovery | |
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| Against Pure Empiricism | |
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| The Causes Behind the Phenomena | |
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| Catastrophist Geology | |
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| Uniformitarian Geology | |
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| The Explanatory Scope of the Evolutionary Hypothesis | |
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| Induction as a Self-Correcting Process | |
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| The Nature of Abduction | |
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| The Role of Hypotheses in Physical Theory | |
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| Against Crucial Experiments | |
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| On the Method of Theoretical Physics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unit 5 Positivism and the Received View | |
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| Theory and Observation | |
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| Scientific Explanation | |
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| Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology | |
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| The Pragmatic Vindication of Induction | |
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| Dissolving the Problem of Induction | |
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| Unit 6 After the Received View | |
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| Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance | |
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| The Raven Paradox | |
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| Two Dogmas of Empiricism | |
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| The New Riddle of Induction | |
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| What Theories Are Not | |
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| On Observation | |
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| The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities | |
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| Unit 7 After the Received View | |
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| Science: Conjectures and Refutations | |
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| The Structure of Scientific Revolutions | |
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| Science and Pseudoscience | |
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| Unit 8 After the Received View: Explanation | |
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| Counterexamples to the D-N and I-S Models of Explanation | |
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| The Statistical Relevance Model of Explanation | |
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| Why Ask, "Why"? | |
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| Explanatory Unification | |
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| Unit 9 After the Received View: The Realism Debate | |
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| The Current Status of Scientific Realism | |
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| A Confutation of Convergent Realism | |
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| Constructive Empiricism | |
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| The Natural Ontological Attitude | |
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