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| Preface | |
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| What Are the Issues in the Economics of Gender? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is the economics of gender? | |
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| Why study the economics of gender? | |
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| How are men and women different? | |
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| Focus: Gender, gender, everywhere | |
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| Why are men and women different? | |
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| Focus: Why are women underrepresented in science? | |
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| Critiques of the economic approach | |
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| Communication between academic disciplines | |
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| Focus: Gender and metaphor in the language of economics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| The repercussions of scarcity | |
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| Opportunity cost | |
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| The marginal vs. total distinction | |
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| Markets | |
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| Focus: The intrinsic value paradox: Are diamonds and water like lawyers and child care workers? | |
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| Noncompetitive markets-monopoly and monopsony | |
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| Policy application: Effects of a minimum, wage | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Gender Differences in the U.S. Economy | |
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| How much do men and women work? | |
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| Focus: Will men be tomorrow's "second sex"? | |
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| Where do women and men work? | |
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| How much money do men and women make? | |
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| How well-off are women and men? | |
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| Focus: Gender differences in charitable contributions | |
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| How do men and women allocate their time? | |
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| Policy application: Unemployment policy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Why Do Women and Men Work? | |
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| The Household as Economic Unit | |
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| Household and marriage formation | |
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| Forces determining the division of labor | |
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| Who to marry and how to share | |
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| Focus: Is bachelorhood a pitiable state? | |
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| How is power distributed in households? | |
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| Focus: The economics of domestic violence | |
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| Household and marriage dissolution | |
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| Focus: Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements | |
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| Policy application: No-fault divorce | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Consumption and production relationships | |
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| Gains from trade | |
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| Budget constraints and indifference curves | |
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| Substitutes and complements | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Labor Force Participation: Analysis of Trends | |
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| Trends in labor force participation | |
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| What has caused these trends? | |
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| Explanations of the rise in women's labor force participation | |
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| Focus: What is higher-quality housework? | |
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| Explanations of the fall in men's labor force participation | |
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| Trends in hours worked | |
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| Conclusions about economic factors affecting labor force participation | |
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| Extensions of the simple economic model | |
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| Focus: Changes in volunteerism rates | |
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| Predicting changes in the labor market | |
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| Policy application: Subsidized child care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Labor supply | |
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| The decision to work | |
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| Policy application: An earnings tax | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Labor Force Participation: Consequences for Family Structure | |
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| Demographic trends | |
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| The question of causality | |
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| Focus: Early marriage as an element of Utopia | |
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| New household and family patterns | |
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| Changes in well-being of households and families | |
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| Focus: The price of success? Higher education and family life | |
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| Focus: Teenage mothers and the cycle of poverty | |
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| Policy application: Regulation of fertility-access to contraception and abortion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Policy Application: Welfare Reform | |
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| What is welfare? | |
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| Who is poor? | |
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| Effects of welfare programs | |
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| Approaches to welfare reform | |
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| Focus: Making noncustodial parents pay | |
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| Focus: The Free the Children antipoverty program | |
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| Recent welfare reform in the U.S. | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| The Earnings Puzzle: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? | |
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| Gender Segregation in the Workplace | |
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| The situation in various occupations | |
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| Focus: Directors and officers at Fortune 500 companies | |
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| Interpretation of large changes in the proportion of women in some occupations | |
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| Segregation index values | |
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| Cross-cultural segregation data | |
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| Theories of why segregation occurs and persists | |
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| Focus: Blind selection processes | |
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| The relationship between segregation and earnings | |
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| Focus: University coaches' salaries | |
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| Effects of workforce policies on segregation | |
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| Policy application: Affirmative action | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Causes of Earnings Differences: Human Capital | |
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| What is human capital? | |
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| How human capital investments affect earnings | |
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| Focus: The "mommy track" controversy | |
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| The significance of human capital theory for occupational choice | |
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| Focus: Is there gender bias in educational testing? | |
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| Evidence of effects of human capital differences on gender earnings differences | |
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| Focus: Is the classroom climate chilly for women? | |
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| Policy implications of human capital theory for the gender earnings gap | |
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| Policy application: Nontraditional job training programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Regression analysis | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Causes of Earnings Differences: Compensating Differentials | |
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| What is a compensating differential? | |
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| How do compensating differentials affect earnings? | |
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| Focus: Death on the job | |
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| Sorting of workers across firms and industries | |
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| Gender differences in preferences for job characteristics | |
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| Focus: Gender differences in "selling out" | |
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| Policy implications of compensating differentials for the gender earnings gap | |
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| Policy application: Workplace regulations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Causes of Earnings Differences: Discrimination | |
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| How economists define discrimination | |
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| Overview of evidence of workplace discrimination | |
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| Focus: The difficulties of filing discrimination charges | |
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| Focus: The Sears case | |
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| How do discrimination theories explain gender workplace differences? | |
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| Models involving tastes for discrimination | |
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| Models of discrimination that do not involve prejudice | |
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| Can discrimination exist in equilibrium? | |
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| Feedback effects from labor market discrimination | |
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| Devices for combating discrimination | |
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| Focus: Women don't ask? Improving negotiation skills | |
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| Policy application: Anti-discrimination legislation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Policy Application: Comparable Worth | |
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| What is comparable worth? | |
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| The pros and cons of comparable worth | |
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| Focus: Comparable worth for professors | |
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| How would comparable worth be implemented nationally? | |
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| Estimation of potential comparable worth benefits and costs | |
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| Evaluation of actual comparable worth policies | |
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| The need for policies to correct discrimination | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Cross-Societal Comparisons: Are Gender Differences the Same Everywhere? | |
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| Industrialized Capitalist Societies | |
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| Overview of levels and trends in these countries | |
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| Focus: Institutionalized pay discrimination in New Zealand | |
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| Focus: Swedish hiring quotas and Norwegian boardroom quotas | |
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| Examples from particular countries | |
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| Focus: Comparing tax system effects for Sweden and Germany | |
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| Social policies across advanced industrialized countries | |
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| Policy application: Child allowances | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Socialist and Cooperative Societies | |
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| Why these societies might be expected to display more gender equality | |
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| Evaluation of actual practices | |
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| Focus: Causes of the progress of women in the Soviet Union | |
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| Examples from particular countries | |
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| Focus: How many "missing girls" are there in China? | |
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| Focus: Vietnam as a paradigm for transition? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Nonindustrialized Traditional Societies | |
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| Overview of levels and trends in these countries | |
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| Methods for evaluating the extent and value of work | |
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| Focus: Time use in Togo | |
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| Level of gender inequality by type of society | |
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| Focus: Flexible gender roles in American Indian societies | |
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| Focus: Sex ratios across societies | |
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| Examples from particular countries | |
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| Policy application: Rural-urban migration disincentives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Effects of the Development Process on Gender Differences | |
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| What is development? | |
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| Focus: Two Brazilian factories | |
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| Development effects on family structure | |
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| Focus: The marriage market in Singapore | |
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| Development policy topics | |
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| Focus: Bank loans in Bombay | |
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| Policy application Foreign aid practices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Historical Comparisons: How Do Gender Differences Vary over Time? | |
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| Gender Differences in U.S. Economic History | |
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| Overview by era | |
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| Focus: Mill towns in New England | |
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| Long-run trends in labor markets | |
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| Focus: Bank tellers and the tipping phenomenon | |
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| Policies affecting men and women differently | |
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| Focus: The cigar industry | |
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| Policy application: Marriage bars | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Class Considerations in Interpreting Gender Differences | |
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| Gender differences across groups | |
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| Different conceptual frameworks for analyzing group differences | |
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| Focus: Does U.S. immigration law hurt women? | |
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| Displaced populations-American Indians | |
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| Repercussions of slavery: the African-American experience | |
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| Focus: Black progress in corporate America | |
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| Immigrant experiences | |
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| Group membership considerations in formulation of policy | |
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| Focus: Does Title IX discriminate against black men? | |
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| Policy application: Quotas in educational programs and hiring | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Policy Proposals | |
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| Summary of policy approaches to gender issues | |
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| General precepts for policy formulation | |
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| Focus: Why don't women get tenure? | |
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| Focus: Part-time lawyers | |
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| Policy application: Family-friendly benefits | |
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| Summary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Further reading and statistical sources | |
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| Discussion questions | |
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| Author index | |
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| Subject index | |