| |
| |
| List of Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
| List of Color Plates | |
| |
| |
| List of Cases | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Forensic Science and Crime Scene Basics | |
| |
| |
| Scene of the Crime | |
| |
| |
| Processing the Crime Scene | |
| |
| |
| Types of Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minerals: The Basic Building Blocks of Geology | |
| |
| |
| Mineralogical Fraud | |
| |
| |
| Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Types of Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Mineral Groups | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rocks: Storybooks of the Earth | |
| |
| |
| The Rock Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Rocks | |
| |
| |
| Igneous Rocks | |
| |
| |
| Sedimentary Rocks | |
| |
| |
| Metamorphic Rocks | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maps: Getting a Sense of Place | |
| |
| |
| Global Location Systems | |
| |
| |
| Maps in the United Kingdom | |
| |
| |
| The Global Positioning System | |
| |
| |
| Maps | |
| |
| |
| Remote Sensing and Other Resources | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sand: To See the World in a Grain of Sand | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Sand | |
| |
| |
| Characterizing Sand | |
| |
| |
| Surface Features | |
| |
| |
| Sample Collection | |
| |
| |
| Sample Preparation | |
| |
| |
| The Stereomicroscope | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Examination of Sand | |
| |
| |
| Common Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Less Common Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Opaque Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Anthropogenic Materials | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gems and Gemstones: Those Most Precious of all Minerals | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Gemstones | |
| |
| |
| Crystal Forms | |
| |
| |
| The Petrographic Microscope | |
| |
| |
| Light and the Optical Properties of Minerals | |
| |
| |
| The Forensic Identifi cation of Glass | |
| |
| |
| More Optical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Isotropic versus Anisotropic Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Anisotropic Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Other Important Properties of Gems and Gemstones | |
| |
| |
| Identifying Gems and Gemstones | |
| |
| |
| Organic Gemstones | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil: Getting the Dirt on Crime | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Soils | |
| |
| |
| Soil Horizons | |
| |
| |
| Soil Origins | |
| |
| |
| Phyllosilicates (Sheet Silicates) | |
| |
| |
| Some Important Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Soil Classification | |
| |
| |
| Soil Color | |
| |
| |
| Soil Moisture | |
| |
| |
| Particle Size | |
| |
| |
| Sample Collection | |
| |
| |
| Simplified Manual Dry Sieve Method for Particle Size Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Soil Classification Schemes | |
| |
| |
| Soil Survey Maps | |
| |
| |
| USDA Textural Classification | |
| |
| |
| The ASTM Unified Soil Classification System (USCS): D-2487 | |
| |
| |
| Scene Examination | |
| |
| |
| Visual Examination of Soil Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Examination Procedures for Soil Samples | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry (XRD) | |
| |
| |
| Interpreting a Diffraction Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Geology of Art | |
| |
| |
| Geologic Media and Art Forgery | |
| |
| |
| Mineral Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Black Pigments | |
| |
| |
| White Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Earth Colors: Red, Yellow, Orange, and Brown Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Blue Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Green Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Collecting a Sample for Microscopic Examination (McCrone, 1982) | |
| |
| |
| Raman Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| Chromatography | |
| |
| |
| Inks | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fossils and Microfossils: Traces of Life | |
| |
| |
| Geologic Time and Index Fossils | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Fossils | |
| |
| |
| A Brief Introduction to the Classification of Fossils | |
| |
| |
| Invertebrate Paleontology | |
| |
| |
| Micropaleontology | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | |
| |
| |
| Is It Legal to Take This Fossil? | |
| |
| |
| Rare-earth Elements | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geology and People: Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Archeology | |
| |
| |
| Locating Ground Disturbances | |
| |
| |
| Search | |
| |
| |
| Geophysical Tools | |
| |
| |
| Magnetometry | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Resistivity (ER) | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) | |
| |
| |
| Specialized EMI: Metal Detectors | |
| |
| |
| Ground-penetrating Radar (GPR) | |
| |
| |
| Search and Post-search Operations | |
| |
| |
| Elemental and Mineralogical Analysis of Human Bone | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Forensics: Tracking Pollution to its Source | |
| |
| |
| Water: Our Most Precious Natural Resource | |
| |
| |
| Surface Water | |
| |
| |
| Clean Water Act | |
| |
| |
| CERCLA and SARA | |
| |
| |
| Groundwater | |
| |
| |
| Contaminant Hydrogeology | |
| |
| |
| Safe Drinking Water Act | |
| |
| |
| Water-quality Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Field Water-quality Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Water Contamination | |
| |
| |
| Analytical Techniques for Chemical Fingerprinting | |
| |
| |
| Isotopes in the Environment | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| Color Plates appear between pages 224 and 225 | |
| |
| |
| Companion Website | |
| |
| |
| This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/bergslien/forensicgeoscience with Figures and Tables from the book | |