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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the Third Edition | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Virology and Viral Disease | |
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Introduction � the Impact of Viruses on Our View of Life 2 | |
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The Science Of Virology | |
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The Effect of Virus Infections on the Host Organism and Populations � Viral Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Epidemiology | |
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The Interaction Between Viruses and Their Hosts | |
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The History of Virology | |
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Examples of the Impact of Viral Disease on Human History | |
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Examples of the Evolutionary Impact of the Virus�Host Interaction | |
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The Origin of Viruses | |
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Viruses Have a Constructive as Well as Destructive Impact on Society | |
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Viruses are Not the Smallest Self-replicating Pathogens | |
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An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral Pathogenesis | |
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Virus Replication | |
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Stages of Virus Replication in the Cell | |
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Pathogenesis Of Viral Infection | |
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Stages of Virus-induced Pathology | |
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Virus Disease in Populations and Individual Animals | |
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The Nature Of Virus Reservoirs | |
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Some Viruses with Human Reservoirs | |
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Some Viruses with Vertebrate Reservoirs | |
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Viruses In Populations | |
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Viral Epidemiology in Small and Large Populations | |
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Factors Affecting the Control of Viral Disease in Populations | |
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Animal Models To Study Viral Pathogenesis | |
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A Mouse Model for Studying Poxvirus Infection and Spread | |
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Rabies: Where is the Virus During its Long Incubation Period? | |
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Herpes Simplex Virus Latency | |
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Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of Humans | |
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The Stable Association of Viruses with their Natural Host Places Specific Constraints on the Nature of Viral Disease and Mode of Persistence | |
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Classification of Human Disease-Causing Viruses According to Virus�Host Dynamics | |
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Patterns Of Specific Viral Diseases Of Humans | |
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Acute Infections Followed by Virus Clearing | |
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Infection of an �Accidental� Target Tissue Leading to Permanent Damage Despite Efficient Clearing | |
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Persistent Viral Infections | |
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Viral and Subviral Diseases with Long Incubation Periods | |
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Some Viral Infections Targeting Specific Organ Systems | |
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Viral Infections of Nerve Tissue | |
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Examples of Viral Encephalitis with Grave Prognosis | |
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Viral Encephalitis with Favorable Prognosis for Recovery | |
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Viral Infections of the Liver (Viral Hepatitis | |
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Problems For Part I | |
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Additional Reading For Part I | |
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Basic Properties of Viruses and Virus�Cell Interaction | |
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Virus Structure and Classification | |
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The Features Of A Virus | |
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Viral Genomes | |
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Viral Capsids | |
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Viral Envelopes | |
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Classification Schemes | |
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The Baltimore Scheme of Virus Classification | |
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Disease-based Classification Schemes for Viruses | |
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The Virosphere | |
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The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication Cycle | |
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Outline of the Virus Replication Cycle | |
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Viral Entry | |
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Mechanisms of Entry of Nonenveloped Viruses | |
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Entry of Enveloped Viruses | |
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Entry of Virus into Plant Cells | |
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Injection of Bacteriophage DNA into Escherichia coli | |
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Nonspecific Methods of Introducing Viral Genomes into Cells | |
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Late Events In Viral Infection: Capsid Assembly And Virion Release | |
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Assembly of Helical Capsids | |
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Assembly of Icosahedral Capsids | |
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Generation of the Virion Envelope and Egress of the Enveloped Virion | |
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Host Immune Response to Viral Infection � The Nature of the Vertebrate Immune Response | |
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The Innate Immune Response � Early Defense Against Pathogens | |
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Toll-like Receptors | |
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Defensins | |
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The Adaptive Immune Response And The Lymphatic System | |
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Two Pathways of Helper T Response: the Fork in the Road | |
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The Immunological Structure of a Protein | |
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Role of the Antigen-presenting Cell in Initiation of the Immune Response | |
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Control And Dysfunction Of Immunity | |
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Specific Viral Responses to Host Immunity | |
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Consequences of Immune Suppression to Virus Infections | |
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Measurement Of The Immune Reaction | |
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Measurement of Cell-mediated (T-cell) Immunity | |
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Measurement of Antiviral Antibody | |
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Strategies to Protect Against and Combat Viral Infection | |
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Vaccination � Induction Of Immunity To Prevent Virus Infection | |
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Antiviral Vaccines | |
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Smallpox and the History of Vaccination | |
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How a Vaccine is Produced | |
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Problems with Vaccine Production and Use | |
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Eukaryotic Cell-Based Defenses Against Virus Replication | |
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Interferon | |
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Other Cellular Defenses against Viral Infection | |
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Antiviral Drugs | |
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Targeting Antiviral Drugs to Specific Features of the Virus Replication Cycle | |
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Other Approaches | |
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Bacterial Antiviral Systems � Restriction Endonucleases | |
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Problems For Part II | |
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Additional Reading For Part II | |
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Working with Virus | |
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Visualization and Enumeration of Virus Particles | |
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Using the Electron Microscope to Study and Count Viruses | |
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Atomic Force Microscopy � A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Visualization of Viruses and Infected Cells, Potentially in Real Time | |
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Indirect Methods for �Counting� Virus Particles | |
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Replicating and Measuring Biological Activity of Viruses | |
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Cell Culture Techniques | |
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Culture of Animal and Human Cells | |
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The Outcome Of Virus Infection In Cells | |
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Fate of the Virus | |
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Fate of the Cell Following Virus Infection | |
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Measurement Of The Biological Activity Of Viruses | |
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Quantitative Measure of Infectious Centers | |
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Use of Virus Titers to Quantitatively Control Infection Conditions | |
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Dilution Endpoint Methods | |
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Physical and Chemical Manipulation of the Structural Components of Viruses | |
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Viral Structural Proteins | |
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Isolation of Structural Proteins of the Virus | |
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Size Fractionation of Viral Structural Proteins | |
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Characterizing Viral Genomes | |
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Sequence Analysis of Viral Genomes | |
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Measuring the Size of Viral Genomes | |
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction � Detection and Characterization of Extremely Small Quantities of Viral Genomes or Transcripts | |
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Characterization of Viral Products Expressed in the Infected Cell | |
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Characterization Of Viral Proteins In The Infected Cell | |
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Pulse Labeling of Viral Proteins at Different Times Following Infection | |
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Use of Immune Reagents for Study of Viral Proteins | |
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Detecting And Characterizing Viral Nucleic Acids In Infected Cells | |
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Characterization of Viral mRNA Expressed During Infection | |
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Use Of Microarray Technology For Getting A Complete Picture Of The Events Occurring In The Infected Cell | |
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Viruses Use Cellular Processes to Express Their Genetic Information | |
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Prokaryotic DNA Replication is an Accurate Enzymatic Model for the Process Generally | |
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Expression of mRNA | |
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Prokaryotic Transcription | |
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Eukaryotic Transcription | |
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The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis | |
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Problems For Part III | |
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Additional Reading For Part III | |
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Replication Patterns of Specific Viruses | |
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Replication of Positive-sense RNA Viruses | |
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RNA Viruses � General Considerations | |
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A General Picture of RNA-Directed RNA Replication | |
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Replication Of Positive-Sense Rna Viruses Whose Genomes Are Translated As The First Step In Gene Expression | |
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Positive-Sense Rna Viruses Encoding A Single Large Open Reading Frame | |
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Picornavirus Replication | |
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Flavivirus Replication | |
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Positive-sense RNA Viruses Encoding More than One Translational Reading Frame | |
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Two Viral mRNAs are Produced in Different Amounts During Togavirus Infections | |
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A Somewhat More Complex Scenario of Multiple Translational Reading Frames and Subgenomic mRNA Expression: Coronavirus Replication | |
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Replication Of Plant Viruses With Rna Genomes | |
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Viruses with One Genome Segment | |
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Viruses with Two Genome Segments | |
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Viruses with Three Genome Segments | |
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Replication Of Bacteriophage With Rna Genomes | |
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Regulated Translation of Bacteriophage mRNA | |
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Replication Strategies of RNA Viruses Requiring RNA-directed mRNA Transcription as the First Step in Viral Gene Expression | |
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Paramyxoviruses | |
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Filoviruses and their Pathogenesis | |
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Bornaviruses | |
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Influenza Viruses � Negative-Sense Rna Viruses With A Multipartite Genome | |
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Involvement of the Nucleus in Flu Virus Replication | |
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Generation of New Flu Nucleocapsids and Maturation of the Virus | |
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Influenza A Epidemics | |
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Other Negative-Sense Rna Viruses With Multipartite Genomes | |
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Bunyaviruses | |
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Arenaviruses | |
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Viruses With Double-Stranded Rna Genomes | |
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Reovirus Structure | |
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Reovirus Replication Cycle | |
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Pathogenesis | |
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Subviral Pathogens | |
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Hepatitis Delta Virus | |
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Viroids | |
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Prions | |
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Replication Strategies of Small and Medium-sized DNA Viruses | |
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DNA Viruses Express Genetic Information and Replicate Their Genomes in Similar, Yet Distinct, Ways | |
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Papovavirus Replication | |
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Replication of SV40 Virus � The Model Polyomavirus | |
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Replication of Papillomaviruses | |
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Replication of Adenoviruses | |
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Physical Properties of Adenovirus | |
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The Adenovirus Replication Cycle | |
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Replication of Some Single-stranded DNA Viruses | |
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Replication of Parvoviruses | |
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DNA Viruses Infecting Vascular Plants | |
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Single-stranded DNA Bacteriophage X174 Packages its Genes Very Compactly | |
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Replication of Some Nuclear-replicating Eukaryotic DNA Viruses with Large Genomes | |
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Herpesvirus Replication And Latency | |
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The Herpesviruses as A Group | |
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The Replication of the Prototypical Alpha-Herpesvirus � HSV | |
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HSV Latency and LAT | |
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EBV Latent Infection of Lymphocytes, A Different Set of Problems and Answers | |
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Pathology of Herpesvirus Infections | |
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Baculovirus, An Insect Virus With Important Practical Uses In Molecular Biology | |
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Virion Structure | |
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Viral Gene Expression and Genome Replication | |
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Pathogenesis | |
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Importance of Baculoviruses in Biotechnology | |
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Replication of Cytoplasmic DNA Viruses and �Large� Bacteriophages | |
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Poxviruses � Dna Viruses That Replicate In The Cytoplasm Of Eukaryotic Cells | |
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The Pox Virion is Complex and Contains Virus-coded Transcription Enzymes | |
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The Poxvirus Replication Cycle | |
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Pathogenesis and History of Poxvirus Infections | |
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Is Smallpox Virus A Potential Biological Terror Weapon? | |
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Replication Of �Large� Dna-Containing Bacteriophages | |
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Components of Large DNA-containing Phage Virions | |
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Replication of Phage T7 | |
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T4 Bacteriophage: the Basic Model for All DNA Viruses | |
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Replication of Phage : a �Simple� Model for Latency and Reactivation | |
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A Group Of Algal Viruses Shares Features Of Its Genome Structure With Poxviruses And Bacteriophages | |
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Retroviruses: Converting RNA to DNA | |
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Retrovirus Families And Their Strategies Of Replication | |
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The Molecular Biology of Retrovirus | |
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Replication of Retroviruses: An Outline of the Replication Process | |
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Viral Gene Expression, Assembly, and Maturation | |
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Mechanisms Of Retrovirus Transformation | |
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Transformation through the Action of A Viral Oncogene � A Subverted Cellular Growth Control Gene | |
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Oncornavirus Alteration of Normal Cellular Transcriptional Control of Growth Regulation | |
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Oncornavirus Transformation by Growth Stimulation of Neighboring Cells | |
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Cellular Genetic Elements Related To Retroviruses | |
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Retrotransposons | |
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The Relationship Between Transposable Elements and Viruses | |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Related Lentiviruses | |
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HIV-1 and Related Lentiviruses | |
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The Origin of HIV-1 and AIDS | |
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HIV-1 and Lentiviral Replication | |
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Destruction of the Immune System by HIV-1 | |
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Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme | |
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The Virion and the Viral Genome | |
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The Viral Replication Cycle | |
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The Pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus | |
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A Plant �Hepadnavirus�: Cauliflower Mosaic Virus | |
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The Evolutionary Origin of Hepadnaviruses | |
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Problems For Part IV | |
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Additional Reading For Part IV | |
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Viruses: New Approaches and New Problems | |
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The Molecular Genetics of Viruses | |
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Mutations in Genes and Resulting Changes to Proteins | |
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Analysis of Mutations | |
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Isolation of Mutants | |
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A Tool Kit For Molecular Virologists | |
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Viral Genomes | |
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Locating Sites of Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage On the Viral Genome � Restriction Mapping | |
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Cloning Vectors | |
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Directed Mutagenesis of Viral Genes | |
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Generation of Recombinant Viruses | |
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Molecular Pathogenesis | |
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An Introduction To The Study Of Viral Pathogenesis | |
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Animal Models | |
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Choosing a model: Natural Host vs. Surrogate Models | |
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Development of New Models: Transgenic Animals | |
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Hybrid Models: the SCID-hu Mouse | |
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Considerations Regarding the Humane Use of Animals | |
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Methods For The Study Of Pathogenesis | |
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Assays of Virulence | |
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Analysis of Viral Spread within the Host | |
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Resolving the Infection to the Level of Single Cells | |
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Characterization Of The Host Response | |
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Immunological Assays | |
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Use of Transgenic Mice to Dissect Critical Components of the Host Immune Response That Modulate the Viral Infection | |
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Viral Bioinformatics and Beyond | |
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Bioinformatics | |
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Bioinformatics and Virology | |
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Biological Databases | |
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Primary Databases | |
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Secondary Databases | |
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Composite Databases | |
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Other Databases | |
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Biological Applications | |
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Similarity Searching Tools | |
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Protein Functional Analysis | |
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Sequence Analysis | |
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Structural Modeling | |
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Structural Analysis | |
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Systems Biology And Viruses | |
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Viral Internet Resources | |
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Viruses and the Future � Promises and Problems | |
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Clouds on the Horizon � Emerging Disease | |
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What are the Prospects of Using Medical Technology to Eliminate Specific Viral and Other Infectious Diseases? | |
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Silver Linings � Viruses as Therapeutic Agents | |
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Why Study Virology? | |
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Problems For Part V | |
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Additional Reading For Part V | |
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Appendix: Resource Center | |
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Books of Historical and Basic Value | |
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Books on Virology | |
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Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Texts | |
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Detailed Sources | |
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Sources for Experimental Protocols | |
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The Internet | |
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Technical Glossary | |
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Index | |