| |
| |
Preface and Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Preliminaries | |
| |
| |
| |
Generative Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
Preliminaries | |
| |
| |
| |
Syntax as a Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling Syntax | |
| |
| |
| |
Syntax as Science - the Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| |
An Example of the Scientific Method as Applied to Syntax | |
| |
| |
| |
Sources of Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Where do the Rules Come From? | |
| |
| |
| |
Learning vs. Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
Innateness: Language as an Instinct | |
| |
| |
| |
The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Arguments for UG | |
| |
| |
| |
Explaining Language Variation | |
| |
| |
| |
Choosing among Theories about Syntax | |
| |
| |
| |
The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Parts of Speech | |
| |
| |
| |
Words and Why They Matter to Syntax | |
| |
| |
| |
Determining Part of Speech | |
| |
| |
| |
The Problem of Traditional Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
Distributional Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv | |
| |
| |
| |
Nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Open vs. Closed; Lexical vs. Functional | |
| |
| |
| |
Open vs. Closed Parts of Speech | |
| |
| |
| |
Lexical vs. Functional | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Functional (Closed) Categories of English | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Subcategories and Features | |
| |
| |
| |
Subcategories of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
Subcategories of Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Constituency, Trees, and Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Rules and Trees | |
| |
| |
| |
Noun Phrases (NPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
Adjective Phrases (AdjPs) and Adverb Phrases (AdvPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
Prepositional Phrases (PPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
Verb Phrases (VPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
Clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
How to Draw a Tree | |
| |
| |
| |
Bottom-up Trees | |
| |
| |
| |
The Top-down Method of Drawing Trees | |
| |
| |
| |
Bracketed Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
Modification and Ambiguity | |
| |
| |
| |
Constituency Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
How to Do Foreign Language PSR Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Doing problems with word-by-word glosses | |
| |
| |
| |
Doing problems without word-by-word glosses | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Relations | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Parts of a Tree | |
| |
| |
| |
Domination | |
| |
| |
| |
Domination | |
| |
| |
| |
Exhaustive Domination | |
| |
| |
| |
Immediate Domination | |
| |
| |
| |
Precedence | |
| |
| |
| |
C-command | |
| |
| |
| |
Grammatical Relations | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Binding Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Notions Coindex and Antecedent | |
| |
| |
| |
Binding | |
| |
| |
| |
Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors | |
| |
| |
| |
The Distribution of Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
The Distribution of R-expressions | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
The Base | |
| |
| |
| |
X-bar Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Bar-level Projections | |
| |
| |
| |
V-bar | |
| |
| |
| |
Adj-bar and Adv-bar | |
| |
| |
| |
P-bar | |
| |
| |
| |
Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema | |
| |
| |
| |
Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
Complements and Adjuncts in NPs | |
| |
| |
| |
Complements and Adjuncts in VPs, AdjPs, AdvPs, and PPs | |
| |
| |
| |
The Notion Specifier | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Definitional Housekeeping | |
| |
| |
| |
Parameters of Word Order | |
| |
| |
| |
Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
Important Considerations in Tree Drawing | |
| |
| |
| |
A Sample Tree | |
| |
| |
| |
X-bar Theory: A Summary | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Determiner Phrases (DPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types | |
| |
| |
| |
Complementizer Phrases (CPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
Tense Phrases (TPs) | |
| |
| |
| |
CP, TP, DP Tree | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Constraining X-bar Theory: The Lexicon | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Basic Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
Thematic Relations and Theta Roles | |
| |
| |
| |
The Lexicon | |
| |
| |
| |
Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Head-to-Head Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Verb Movement (V [right arrow] T) | |
| |
| |
| |
French | |
| |
| |
| |
Irish | |
| |
| |
| |
T Movement (T [right arrow] C) | |
| |
| |
| |
Do-support | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Auxiliaries and Affix-hopping in English | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Auxiliaries | |
| |
| |
| |
Affix-hopping | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests for Determining if a Language has V [right arrow] T or Affix Lowering | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
DP Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles | |
| |
| |
| |
Passives | |
| |
| |
| |
Case | |
| |
| |
| |
Raising: Reprise | |
| |
| |
| |
Passives: Reprise | |
| |
| |
| |
Closing Up a Loose End | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Wh-movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Movement in Wh-questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Islands | |
| |
| |
| |
The Minimal Link Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
Wh-islands and the Minimal Link Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
The MLC in DP Movement and Head Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Echo Questions (Wh-in-situ) in English | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
A Unified Theory of Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Move | |
| |
| |
| |
Explaining Cross-linguistic Differences | |
| |
| |
| |
Scope, Covert Movement, and the MLC | |
| |
| |
| |
MLC Effects in Wh-in-situ Languages | |
| |
| |
| |
English Quantifiers and Scope | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Advanced Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
Expanded VPs | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Problem of Ditransitive Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Light Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
Object Shift | |
| |
| |
| |
Ditransitives: Reprise | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Raising, Control, and Empty Categories | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Raising vs. Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Kinds of Theta Grids for Main Predicates | |
| |
| |
| |
Distinguishing Raising from Control | |
| |
| |
| |
What is PRO? | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Kinds of Raising, Two Kinds of Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Kinds of Raising | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Kinds of Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Predicate Types | |
| |
| |
| |
Control Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Another Kind of Null Subject: "Little" pro | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Advanced Topics in Binding Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
A Quick Review of Chapter 5 Binding Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Levels of Representation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Definition of Binding Domain | |
| |
| |
| |
A Miscellany of Domain Violations | |
| |
| |
| |
Anaphors | |
| |
| |
| |
Pronouns | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Lexical-Functional Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternative Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
C-structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Lexicon | |
| |
| |
| |
F-structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Why F-structures? | |
| |
| |
| |
Assorted Phenomena | |
| |
| |
| |
Head Mobility | |
| |
| |
| |
Passives | |
| |
| |
| |
Raising and Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Wh-movement: Long Distance Dependencies | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Set | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
| |
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Features | |
| |
| |
| |
The Lexicon | |
| |
| |
| |
Rules, Features, and Trees | |
| |
| |
| |
Binding | |
| |
| |
| |
Long Distance Dependencies | |
| |
| |
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
General Problem Set | |
| |
| |
Challenge Problem Sets | |
| |
| |
Conclusions and Directions for Further Study | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |