| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why? | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water, a remarkable unremarkable substance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The molecular properties of water and their physical consequences | |
| |
| |
| |
| How much water is there and where is it? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patterns in hydrology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bodies of water and their temperatures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lakes and latitude | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viscosity of water, fluid dynamics and the diffusion of gases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why the chemistry of water is so important | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polar and covalent compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| The atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major ions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Global patterns in major ions: glaciation and endorheism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open and closed basins | |
| |
| |
| |
| The big picture | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| More water chemistry: the key nutrients, trace elements and organic matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concepts of limiting substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nutrients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphorus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pristine concentrations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trace elements and silicon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patterns in DOM availability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substance budgets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sediment-water relationships | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light thrown upon the waters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| From above to under the water | |
| |
| |
| |
| From physics and chemistry to biology | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution and diversity of freshwater organisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ecological theatre and the evolutionary play | |
| |
| |
| |
| The freshwater biota | |
| |
| |
| |
| Living in freshwaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersal among freshwaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patterns in freshwater diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The fish of Lake Victoria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low diversity freshwater habitats | |
| |
| |
| |
| A summary of the freshwater biota and its problems | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headwater streams and rivers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| General models of stream ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
| A basic lesson in stream flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow and discharge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laminar and turbulent flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particles carried | |
| |
| |
| |
| The response of stream organisms to shear stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community composition in streams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Algal and plant communities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Macroinvertebrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Streams in cold climates: the polar and alpine zones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stream systems in the cold temperate zone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Warm temperate streams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Desert streams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tropical streams | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uses, misuses and restoration of headwater streams and rivers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditional use of headwater river systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deforestation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acidification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eutrophication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial afforestation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Settlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engineering impacts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alterations of the fish community by man | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sewage, toxic pollution and their treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffuse pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| River monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Water Framework Directive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of the Directive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wider considerations: ecosystem services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restoration, rehabilitation and reconciliation ecology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reconciliation ecology of river systems | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Middle stage and depositional floodplain rivers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Change from an erosive river to a depositional one | |
| |
| |
| |
| Submerged plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Growth of submerged plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods of measuring the primary productivity of submerged plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Submerged plants and the river ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further downstream swamps and floodplains | |
| |
| |
| |
| Swamp and marsh animals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Whitefish and blackfish | |
| |
| |
| |
| Latitudinal differences in floodplains | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floodplain ecosystems and human affairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floodplain services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floodplain fisheries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floodplain swamps and human diseases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| River and floodplain management and rehabilitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interbasin transfers and water needs | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lakes and other standing waters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The origins of lake basins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lake structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The importance of the catchment area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lakes as autotrophic or heterotrophic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The continuum of lakes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lake history | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filling in | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summing up | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The communities of shallow standing waters: mires, shallow lakes and the littoral zone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The scope of mires and littoral zones | |
| |
| |
| |
| The structure of littoral communities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterotrophs among the plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neuston | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linkages, risks and insurances among the littoral communities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Latitude and littorals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The role of the nekton | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plankton communities of the pelagic zone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kitchens and toilets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phytoplankton | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterotrophs in the plankton: viruses and bacteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protozoa and fungi | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zooplankton | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fish in the open-water community | |
| |
| |
| |
| Piscivores and piscivory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functioning of the open-water community | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The profundal zone | |
| |
| |
| |
| The end of the line | |
| |
| |
| |
| The importance of oxygen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Profundal communities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biology of selected benthic invertebrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| What the sediment-living detritivores really eat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Influence of the open water community on the profundal benthos | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The uses, abuses and restoration of standing waters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Services provided by standing waters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fisheries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changes in fisheries: two case studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fish culture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stillwater angling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amenity culture and the aquarium trade | |
| |
| |
| |
| Domestic water supply, eutrophication and reservoirs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eutrophication human induced changes in the production of lakes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dams and reservoirs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fisheries in new lakes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects downstream of the new lake | |
| |
| |
| |
| New tropical lakes and human populations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Man-made tropical lakes, the balance of pros and cons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amenity and conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restoration approaches for standing waters: symptom treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of proximate causes: nutrient control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Habitat creation | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate change and the future of freshwaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Merchant of Venice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate change | |
| |
| |
| |
| Existing effects of freshwaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control and mitigation of global warming | |
| |
| |
| |
| The remedy of ultimate causes | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stratification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catchments and water chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Vollenweider model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nutrient budgeting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light penetration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems with a frog | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predation in streams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deforestation and tropical streams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Swamp habitats and insect adaptations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ecosystem valuation in a floodplain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Top down and bottom up control in shallow and deep lakes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palatability of aquatic plants to fish | |
| |
| |
| |
| The plankton of paddling pools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probing the profundal | |
| |
| |
| |
| The curse of birds for lake managers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nutrient problems in tricky situations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |