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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Purpose of the book | |
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Aim | |
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Motivation | |
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Elements of LCA | |
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Background of the book | |
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Structure of the book | |
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Outline | |
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Notation | |
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The basic model for inventory analysis | |
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Representation of processes and flows | |
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The inventory problem and its solution | |
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General formulation of the basic model for inventory analysis | |
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Some notes on the basic model | |
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Geometric interpretation of inventory analysis | |
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An interpretation of the scaling factors | |
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An interpretation of the intensity matrix | |
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The refined model for inventory analysis | |
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Cut-off | |
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Formulation of the problem | |
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Adding hollow processes to the technology matrix | |
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Replacing non-zero numbers for flows that are cut-off by zeros | |
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Removing cut-off flows from the technology matrix | |
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Brief discussion | |
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Multifunctionality and allocation | |
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Formulation of the problem | |
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The substitution method | |
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The partitioning method | |
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The surplus method | |
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Other methods | |
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Brief discussion | |
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System boundaries | |
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Economic and environmental flows | |
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Cut-off | |
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Other product systems | |
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Goods and wastes | |
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Choice of suppliers | |
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Formulation of the problem | |
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Comparison of alternative systems | |
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Representing a mixing process | |
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Brief discussion | |
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Closed-loop recycling | |
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Formulation of the problem | |
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Solution with the pseudoinverse | |
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Comparison with the partitioning method | |
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Comparison with the substitution method | |
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Brief discussion | |
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Inclusion of aggregated systems | |
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Some special unit processes and flows | |
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Consumption processes | |
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The reference flow | |
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Transport processes | |
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Storage processes | |
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Waste treatment processes | |
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Waste flows | |
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Environmental flows | |
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More than one reference flow | |
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The comparison of product alternatives | |
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A database of inventory tables | |
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Structural universality and sleeping processes | |
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Types of final demand | |
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Cradle-to-grave analysis | |
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Cradle-to-gate analysis | |
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Gate-to-grave analysis | |
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More general analyses | |
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General formulation of the refined model for inventory analysis | |
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An extended example | |
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Advanced topics in inventory analysis | |
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Alternative ways of formulating and solving the inventory problem | |
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The sequential method | |
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Petri nets | |
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Linear programming | |
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Cramer's rule | |
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Expansion of the inverse as a power series | |
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Feedback loops in the technology matrix | |
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Solution with matrix inversion | |
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The network as an infinite sequence | |
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Algebraic manipulation of systems of equations | |
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The use of a power series expansion | |
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Singularity of the technology matrix | |
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Allocation in economic models | |
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The supply/use framework | |
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Negative scaling factors: the Hawkins-Simon condition | |
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The technology assumptions | |
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Relation with input-output analysis | |
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Basics of input-output analysis and its environmental extension | |
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Comparison of LCA and IOA | |
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IOA instead of LCA | |
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Hybrid analysis | |
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Tiered hybrid analysis | |
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Internally solved hybrid analysis | |
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Perturbation theory | |
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Some general results | |
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Perturbation of the technology matrix | |
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Perturbation of the intervention matrix | |
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Perturbation of the final demand vector | |
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Some examples | |
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Uncertainties and their propagation | |
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Uncertainties in data | |
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Uncertainties in results | |
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Discrete choices | |
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Monte Carlo simulations | |
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Change of technology | |
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Numerical stability | |
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Round-off | |
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Rescaling | |
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Structural theory | |
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Some definitions | |
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Summary measures | |
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The condition number | |
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Other characteristics | |
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Correlation analysis | |
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Multivariate methods | |
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Visual tools | |
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Spy plots | |
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Other graphics | |
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Beyond the inventory analysis | |
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Impact assessment | |
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Impact categories and characterisation models | |
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Derivation of characterisation factors | |
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Classification | |
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Characterisation | |
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Normalisation | |
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Grouping | |
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Weighting | |
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Interpretation | |
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Contribution analysis | |
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Structural analysis | |
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Perturbation analysis | |
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Uncertainty analysis | |
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Key issue analysis | |
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Comparative analysis | |
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Discernibility analysis | |
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Further extensions | |
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Non-linear models | |
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Spatially differentiated models | |
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Dynamic models | |
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Issues of implementation | |
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Sparse matrices and location matrices | |
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Matrix inversion | |
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The inverse | |
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The pseudoinverse | |
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Statistics of very long series | |
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Design of software for LCA | |
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Matrix algebra | |
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General concepts | |
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Special matrices | |
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Basic operations | |
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Basic properties | |
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Partitioned matrices | |
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Systems of linear equations | |
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Main terms and symbols | |
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Matlab code for most important algorithms | |
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References | |
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Index | |