| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Table of Japanese Religious History | |
| |
| |
| Map of Japan | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Five Major Religious Strands | |
| |
| |
| Unity and Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Persistent Themes in Japanese Religious History | |
| |
| |
| The Closeness of Human Beings, Gods, and Nature | |
| |
| |
| The Religious Character of the Family | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Purification, Specific Rituals, and Amulets | |
| |
| |
| The Prominence of Local Festivals and Individual Cults | |
| |
| |
| The Pervasiveness of Religion in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| The Intimate Bond Between Religion and the Nation | |
| |
| |
| The Traditional Worldview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Formation of Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Prehistoric Heritage | |
| |
| |
| The Beginnings of Japanese Culture | |
| |
| |
| The Evidence for the Earliest Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Dealing with the Dead: Burial, Jars, and Tombs | |
| |
| |
| Fertility: Rice and Figurines | |
| |
| |
| Kami from Heaven and Female Shamans | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Kami Tradition | |
| |
| |
| The Early Kami Tradition in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Tradition and Religion in Cross-Cultural Perspective-Tradition as Illusion | |
| |
| |
| Features of the Kami Tradition: Sacred Spaces | |
| |
| |
| The Mythological Tradition: Yin, Yang, Yamato Rulers, and Tension Between Kami and Buddhas | |
| |
| |
| The Ritual Tradition: Enthronement, Purification, Festivals, and Divinations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Buddhism in Japan: Indian, Chinese, and Korean Influence | |
| |
| |
| Buddhism: The Doctrine Most Excellent: Enters Japan | |
| |
| |
| The Power of Buddhism: Protection, Healing, and Rites for the Dead | |
| |
| |
| The First Nuns and Monks in Japan | |
| |
| |
| The First Buddhist Temples in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Indian Buddhism in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Popular Preaching: Dharma, Karma, and Miraculous Stories | |
| |
| |
| State Buddhism and Popular Buddhism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Daoism and Confucianism: Chinese Importations | |
| |
| |
| Two Chinese "Ways" | |
| |
| |
| The "Way" of Daoism and the Chinese Worldview | |
| |
| |
| Daoism and Daoist Influence in Japan | |
| |
| |
| The Bureau of Yin and Yang | |
| |
| |
| The "Way" of Confucianism and Japan: Shotoku's "Constitution" | |
| |
| |
| Confucian Influence: A "University" and Worship of Confucius | |
| |
| |
| Confucianism and Japanese Society | |
| |
| |
| Daoism and Confucianism as Japanese Traditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Folk Religion: Beliefs and Practices Outside Organized Religion | |
| |
| |
| The Little Tradition and the Great Tradition | |
| |
| |
| The God of the Everlasting World | |
| |
| |
| Wizards, Shamans, Sacred Mountains, Magic, and Divination | |
| |
| |
| The Sound of Silence and Buddhist Clothing | |
| |
| |
| Folk, Tradition, and Religion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction in Early Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| A Multipolar System | |
| |
| |
| Religion in Japan as a Tree | |
| |
| |
| The Formation of a Distinctively Japanese Religious Heritage | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Development and Elaboration of Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Development of a Japanese Buddhism: Shingon and Tendai | |
| |
| |
| The New Buddhism of the Heian Period | |
| |
| |
| Shingon: Esoteric Buddhism in Japan, Ritual over Philosophy, and Enlightenment in This Body | |
| |
| |
| Kukai and Esoteric Buddhism | |
| |
| |
| Mantras, Mandalas, and Goma (Fire Rite) | |
| |
| |
| Tendai: The Lotus Sutra, Proper Ordination for Monks, and Buddhahood for All Humans | |
| |
| |
| Saicho and Tiantai | |
| |
| |
| Mahayana and the Lotus Sutra | |
| |
| |
| Buddhahood for All Humans, and Esoteric Rites | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Japanese Buddhism, and Religious Trends | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Shrine Tradition, and Shugendo | |
| |
| |
| The Kasuga-Kofukuji Shrine-Temple Complex | |
| |
| |
| Ise Shrine: Purity, Ritual, and Taboos | |
| |
| |
| Shugendo: Mountain Ascetics and Religion for the People | |
| |
| |
| The Kami Tradition and the Shrine Tradition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elaboration within Japanese Buddhism: Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen Buddhism | |
| |
| |
| Buddhism: From Heian to Kamakura Times | |
| |
| |
| The Pure Land Sects: Faith in Amida and the Recitation of the Nenbutsu | |
| |
| |
| Nichiren: Faith in the Lotus Sutra as the Exclusive National Buddhism | |
| |
| |
| The Zen Sects: Enlightenment Through Meditation | |
| |
| |
| Dogen: Sitting in Meditation | |
| |
| |
| Zen: Institutional and Artistic Developments | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Kami and Shrine Tradition to Shinto | |
| |
| |
| Kami Secondary to Buddhas | |
| |
| |
| Buddhas Secondary to Kami | |
| |
| |
| Yoshida Kanetomo: Shinto as the Essence of Japan | |
| |
| |
| Shinto Shrines, Buddhist Temples, and Multiplexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Appearance of Christianity in Japan | |
| |
| |
| The Introduction of Christianity into Japan | |
| |
| |
| The Acceptance of Christianity in Japan | |
| |
| |
| The Expulsion of Christianity | |
| |
| |
| The Significance of the Christian Century | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Five Traditions: Development and Mutual Influence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuity and Discontinuity in Japanese Religions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, and Shinto in the Tokugawa Period | |
| |
| |
| The Tokugawa Anti-Christianity Policy and Funerary Buddhism | |
| |
| |
| The Tokugawa Government and Religion | |
| |
| |
| Tokugawa Buddhism: Decadence or Vitality | |
| |
| |
| Neo-Confucianism: Political Stability and Social Conformity | |
| |
| |
| Neo-Confucianism: The Development of Public and Private Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Restoration Shinto: The Movement for a Purified Shinto | |
| |
| |
| Motoori Norinaga and Restoration Shinto | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Meiji Restoration and State Shinto | |
| |
| |
| The Political and Religious Significance of the Meiji Restoration | |
| |
| |
| The Attempt to Purify and Restore Shinto | |
| |
| |
| The Establishment of Nonreligious Shrine Shinto | |
| |
| |
| Japan as a Nation-State-Nationalism in World Perspective | |
| |
| |
| State Shinto as an Expression of Nationalism and Militarism | |
| |
| |
| Shinto After World War II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious Currents from 1868 to 1945 | |
| |
| |
| Meiji Buddhism: "Outside Criticism" and "Inside Criticism" | |
| |
| |
| Christianity: Strengths and Weaknesses Since 1868 | |
| |
| |
| The New Religions: New Variations from Old Traditions | |
| |
| |
| The Fortunes of Religion 1868-1945: From Freedom of Religion to State Orthodoxy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three New Religions: Tenrikyo, Soka Gakkai, and Aum Shinrikyo | |
| |
| |
| The Many New Religions: Differences and Similarities | |
| |
| |
| Tenrikyo: A Living Kami and a Joyous Life | |
| |
| |
| Soka Gakkai: Faith in the Lotus Sutra and a Happy Life | |
| |
| |
| Aum Shinrikyo: The Marriage of Religion to Violence | |
| |
| |
| The Significance of the New Religions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religion in Postwar Japan | |
| |
| |
| Shinto: Disestablishment, National Reorganization, and Local Participation | |
| |
| |
| Buddhism: From Degeneration to Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| Christianity: The Problems of Denominationalism | |
| |
| |
| The Postwar Boom of New Religions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious Life in Contemporary Japan | |
| |
| |
| Characterizing Religious Life in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Persistent Themes in Contemporary Japanese Religious Life | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Religious Change | |
| |
| |
| Transformations of Religious Life in Contemporary Japan | |
| |
| |
| Modalities of Alternative Reality in Contemporary Japan | |
| |
| |
| 1984 and 1Q84 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: The Challenge for Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Annotated Bibliography on Religion in Japan | |
| |
| |
| Index | |