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| Foreword | |
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| Series Preface | |
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| Preface | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| Introduction to the Conceptual Landscape | |
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| From Elementary Particles to Aerodynamic Flows | |
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| Continuum Fluid Mechanics and the Navier-Stokes Equations | |
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| The Continuum Formulation and Its Range of Validity | |
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| Mathematical Formalism | |
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| Kinematics: Streamlines, Streaklines, Timelines, and Vorticity | |
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| Streamlines and Streaklines | |
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| Streamtubes, Stream Surfaces, and the Stream Function | |
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| Timelines | |
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| The Divergence of the Velocity and Green's Theorem | |
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| Vorticity and Circulation | |
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| The Velocity Potential in Irrotational Flow | |
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| Concepts that Arise in Describing the Vorticity Field | |
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| Velocity Fields Associated with Concentrations of Vorticity | |
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| The Biot-Savart Law and the "Induction" Fallacy | |
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| The Equations of Motion and their Physical Meaning | |
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| Continuity of the Flow and Conservation of Mass | |
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| Forces on Fluid Parcels and Conservation of Momentum | |
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| Conservation of Energy | |
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| Constitutive Relations and Boundary Conditions | |
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| Mathematical Nature of the Equations | |
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| The Physics as Viewed in the Eulerian Frame | |
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| The Pseudo-Lagrangian Viewpoint | |
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| Cause and Effect, and the Problem of Prediction | |
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| The Effects of Viscosity | |
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| Turbulence, Reynolds Averaging, and Turbulence Modeling | |
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| Important Dynamical Relationships | |
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| Galilean Invariance, or Independence of Reference Frame | |
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| Circulation Preservation and the Persistence of Irrotationality | |
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| Behavior of Vortex Tubes in Inviscid and Viscous Flows | |
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| Bernoulli Equations and Stagnation Conditions | |
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| Crocco's Theorem | |
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| Dynamic Similarity | |
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| Compressibility Effects and the Mach Number | |
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| Viscous Effects and the Reynolds Number | |
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| Scaling of Pressure Forces: the Dynamic Pressure | |
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| Consequences of Failing to Match All of the Requirements for Similarity | |
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| "Incompressible" Flow and Potential Flow | |
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| Compressible Flow and Shocks | |
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| Steady ID Isentropic Flow Theory | |
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| Relations for Normal and Oblique Shock Waves | |
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| Boundary Layers | |
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| Physical Aspects of Boundary-Layer Flows | |
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| The Basic Sequence: Attachment, Transition, Separation | |
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| General Development of the Boundary-Layer Flowfield | |
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| Boundary-Layer Displacement Effect | |
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| Separation from a Smooth Wall | |
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| Boundary-Layer Theory | |
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| The Boundary-Layer Equations | |
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| Integrated Momentum Balance in a Boundary Layer | |
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| The Displacement Effect and Matching with the Outer Flow | |
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| The Vorticity "Budget" in a 2D Incompressible Boundary Layer | |
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| Situations That Violate the Assumptions of Boundary-Layer Theory | |
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| Summary of Lessons from Boundary-Layer Theory | |
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| Flat-Plate Boundary Layers and Other Simplified Cases | |
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| Flat-Plate Flow | |
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| 2D Boundary-Layer Flows with Similarity | |
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| Axisymmetric Flow | |
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| Plane-of-Symmetry and Attachment-Line Boundary Layers | |
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| Simplifying the Effects of Sweep and Taper in 3D | |
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| Transition and Turbulence | |
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| Boundary-Layer Transition | |
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| Turbulent Boundary Layers | |
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| Control and Prevention of Flow Separation | |
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| Body Shaping and Pressure Distribution | |
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| Vortex Generators | |
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| Steady Tangential Blowing through a Slot | |
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| Active Unsteady Blowing | |
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| Suction | |
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| Heat Transfer and Compressibility | |
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| Heat Transfer, Compressibility, and the Boundary-Layer Temperature Field | |
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| The Thermal Energy Equation and the Prandtl Number | |
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| The Wall Temperature and Other Relations for an Adiabatic Wall | |
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| Effects of Surface Roughness | |
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| General Features of Flows around Bodies | |
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| The Obstacle Effect | |
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| Basic Topology of Flow Attachment and Separation | |
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| Attachment and Separation in 2D | |
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| Attachment and Separation in 3D | |
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| Streamline Topology on Surfaces and in Cross Sections | |
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| Wakes | |
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| Integrated Forces: Lift and Drag | |
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| Drag and Propulsion | |
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| Basic Physics and Flowfield Manifestations of Drag and Thrust | |
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| Basic Physical Effects of Viscosity y | |
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| The Role of Turbulence | |
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| Direct and Indirect Contributions to the Drag Force on the Body | |
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| Determining Drag from the Flowfield: Application of Conservation Laws | |
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| Examples of Flowfield Manifestations of Drag in Simple 2D Flows | |
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| Pressure Drag of Streamlined and Bluff Bodies A | |
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| Questionable Drag Categories: Parasite Drag, Base Drag, and Slot Drag | |
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| Effects of Distributed Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction | |
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| Interference Drag | |
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| Some Basic Physics of Propulsion | |
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| Drag Estimation | |
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| Empirical Correlations | |
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| Effects of Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction | |
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| CFD Prediction of Drag | |
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| Drag Reduction | |
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| Reducing Drag by Maintaining a Run of Laminar Flow | |
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| Reduction of Turbulent Skin Friction | |
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| Lift and Airfoils in 2D at Subsonic Speeds | |
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| Mathematical Prediction of Lift in 2D | |
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| Lift in Terms of Circulation and Bound Vorticity | |
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| The Classical Argument for the Origin of the Bound Vorticity | |
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| Physical Explanations of Lift in 2D | |
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| Past Explanations and their Strengths and Weaknesses | |
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| Desired Attributes of a More Satisfactory Explanation | |
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| A Basic Explanation of Lift on an Airfoil, Accessible to a Nontechnical Audience | |
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| More Physical Details on Lift in 2D, for the Technically Inclined | |
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| Airfoils | |
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| Pressure Distributions and Integrated Forces at Low Math Numbers | |
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| Profile Drag and the Drag Polar | |
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| Maximum Lift and Boundary-Layer Separation on Single-Element Airfoils | |
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| Multielement Airfoils and the Slot Effect | |
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| Cascades | |
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| Low-Drag Airfoils with Laminar Flow | |
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| Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils | |
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| Airfoils in Transonic Flow | |
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| Airfoils in Ground Effect | |
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| Airfoil Design | |
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| Issues that Arise in Defining Airfoil Shapes | |
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| Lift and Wings in 3D at Subsonic Speeds | |
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| The Flowfield around a 3D Wing | |
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| General Characteristics of the Velocity Field | |
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| The Vortex Wake | |
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| The Pressure Field around a 3D Wing | |
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| Explanations for the Flowfield | |
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| Vortex Shedding from Edges Other Than the Trailing Edge | |
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| Distribution of Lift on a 3D Wing | |
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| Basic and Additional Spanloads | |
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| Linearized Lifting-Surface Theory | |
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| Lifting-Line Theory | |
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| 3D Lift in Ground Effect | |
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| Maximum Lift, as Limited by 3D Effects | |
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| Induced Drag | |
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| Basic Scaling of Induced Drag | |
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| Induced Drag from a Farfield Momentum Balance | |
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| Induced Drag in Terms of Kinetic Energy and an Idealized Rolled-Up Vortex Wake | |
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| Induced Drag from the Loading on the Wing Itself: Treffiz-Plane Theory | |
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| Ideal (Minimum) Induced-Drag Theory | |
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| Span-Efficiency Factors | |
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| The Induced-Drag Polar | |
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| The Sin-Series Spanloads | |
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| The Reduction of Induced Drag in Ground Effect | |
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| The Effect of a Fuselage on Induced Drag | |
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| Effects of a Canard or Aft Tail on Induced Drag | |
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| Biplane Drag | |
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| Wingtip Devices | |
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| Myths Regarding the Vortex Wake, and Some Questionable Ideas for Wingtip Devices | |
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| The Facts of Life Regarding Induced Drag and Induced-Drag Reduction | |
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| Milestones in the Development of Theory and Practice | |
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| Wingtip Device Concepts | |
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| Effectiveness of Various Device Configurations | |
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| Manifestations of Lift in the Atmosphere at Large | |
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| The Net Vertical Momentum Imparted to the Atmosphere | |
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| The Pressure Far above and below the Airplane | |
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| Downwash in the Treffiz Plane and Other Momentum-Conservation Issues | |
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| Sears's Incorrect Analysis of the Integrated Pressure Far Downstream | |
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| The Real Flowfield Far Downstream of the Airplane | |
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| Effects of Wing Sweep | |
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| Simple Sweep Theory | |
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| Boundary Layers on Swept Wings | |
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| Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction on Swept Wings | |
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| Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition on Swept Wings | |
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| Relating a Swept, Tapered Wing to a 2D Airfoil | |
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| Tailoring of the Inboard Pail of a Swept Wing | |
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| Theoretical Idealizations Revisited | |
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| Approximations Grouped According to how the Equations were Modified | |
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| Reduced Temporal and/or Spatial Resolution | |
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| Simplified Theories Based on Neglecting Something Small | |
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| Reductions in Dimensions | |
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| Simplified Theories Based on Ad hoc Flow Models | |
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| Qualitative Anomalies and Other Consequences of Approximations | |
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| Some Tools of MFD (Mental Fluid Dynamics) | |
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| Simple Conceptual Models for Thinking about Velocity Fields | |
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| Thinking about Viscous and Shock Drag | |
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| Thinking about Induced Drag | |
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| A Catalog of Fallacies | |
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| Modeling Aerodynamic Flows in Computational Fluid Dynamics | |
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| Basic Definitions | |
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| The Major Classes of CFD Codes and Their Applications | |
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| Navier-Stokes Methods | |
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| Coupled Viscous/Inviscid Methods | |
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| Inviscid Methods | |
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| Standalone Boundary-Layer Codes | |
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| Basic Characteristics of Numerical Solution Schemes | |
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| Discretization | |
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| Spatial Field Grids | |
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| Grid Resolution and Grid Convergence | |
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| Solving the Equations, and Iterative Convergence | |
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| Physical Modeling in CFD | |
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| Compressibility and Shocks | |
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| Viscous Effects and Turbulence | |
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| Separated Shear Layers and Vortex Wakes | |
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| The Farfield | |
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| Predicting Drag | |
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| Propulsion Effects | |
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| CFD Validation? | |
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| Integrated Forces and the Components of Drag | |
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| Solution Visualization | |
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| Things a User Should Know about a CFD Code before Running it | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |