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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The object of biostatisties | |
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Defining the population | |
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Study design | |
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Sampling | |
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Inferences from samples | |
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Basic concepts | |
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Data reduction | |
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Scales of measurement | |
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Tabulations of data | |
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Central tendency measures | |
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Measures of dispersion | |
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Compressing data | |
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The standard deviation | |
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The n - 1 divisor | |
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Properties of means and variances | |
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Common frequency distributions | |
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The normal distribution | |
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The central limit theorem | |
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Properties of the normal distribution | |
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Statistical tables | |
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Statistical inference | |
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Sampling distributions | |
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The normal distribution of sample means | |
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The standard error of the mean | |
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The value of the standard error | |
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Inferences from means | |
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Confidence intervals | |
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The case of small samples | |
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Student's t distribution | |
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Statistical tables of the t distribution | |
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Estimation with binary variables | |
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The binomial distribution | |
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Inferences from proportions | |
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Statistical tables of the binomial distribution | |
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Sample size requirements | |
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Descriptive studies | |
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Classification of descriptive studies | |
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Probability sampling | |
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Simple random sampling | |
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Replacement in sampling | |
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Stratified sampling | |
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Multistage sampling | |
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Prevalence studies | |
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Incidence studies | |
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The person-years method | |
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Non-probability sampling in descriptive studies | |
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Standardization | |
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Analytical studies | |
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Design of analytical studies | |
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Non-probability sampling in analytical studies | |
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The investigation of associations | |
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Comparison of two means | |
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Comparison of two means from small samples | |
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Comparison of two proportions | |
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Relative risks and odds ratios | |
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Attributable risk | |
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Logits and log odds ratios | |
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Statistical tests | |
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The null hypothesis | |
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The z-test | |
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The p-value | |
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Student's t-test | |
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The binomial test | |
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The chi-square test | |
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Degrees of freedom | |
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The table of the chi-square distribution | |
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Analysis of variance | |
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Statistical tables of the F distribution | |
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Issues with statistical tests | |
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One-sided tests | |
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Power of a statistical test | |
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Sample size estimation | |
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Multiple comparisons | |
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Scale transformation | |
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Non-parametric tests | |
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Longitudinal studies | |
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Repeated measurements | |
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The paired Student's t-test | |
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McNemar's test | |
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Analysis of events | |
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The actuarial method | |
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The Kaplan-Meier method | |
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The logrank test | |
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The adjusted logrank test | |
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The Poisson distribution | |
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The incidence rate ratio | |
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Statistical modeling | |
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Linear regression | |
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The least squares method | |
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Linear regression estimates | |
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Regression and correlation | |
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The F-test in linear regression | |
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Interpretation of regression analysis results | |
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Multiple regression | |
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Regression diagnostics | |
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Selection of predictor variables | |
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Regression, t-test, and anova | |
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Interaction | |
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Nonlinear regression | |
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Logistic regression | |
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The method of maximum likelihood | |
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Estimation of the logistic regression model | |
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The likelihood ratio test | |
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Interpreting the results of logistic regression | |
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Regression coefficients and odds ratios | |
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Applications of logistic regression | |
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The ROC curve | |
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Model validation | |
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The Cox proportional hazards model | |
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Assumptions of the Cox model | |
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Interpretation of Cox regression | |
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Measurement | |
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Construction of clinical questionnaires | |
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Factor analysis | |
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Interpretation of factor analysis | |
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Factor rotation | |
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Factor scores | |
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Reliability | |
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Concordance | |
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Validity | |
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Experimental studies | |
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The purpose of experimental studies | |
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The clinical trial population | |
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The efficacy criteria | |
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Non-comparative clinical trials | |
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Controlled clinical trials | |
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Classical designs | |
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The control group | |
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Blinding | |
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Randomization | |
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The size of a clinical trial | |
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Non-inferiority clinical trials | |
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Adaptive clinical trials | |
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Group sequential plans | |
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The alpha spending function | |
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The clinical trial protocol | |
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The data record | |
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The analysis of experimental studies | |
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General analysis plan | |
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Data preparation | |
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Study populations | |
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Primary efficacy analysis | |
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Analysis of multiple endpoints | |
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Secondary analyses | |
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Safety analysis | |
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Meta-analysis of clinical trials | |
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Purpose of meta-analysis | |
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Measures of treatment effect | |
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The inverse variance method | |
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The random effects model | |
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Heterogeneity | |
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Publication bias | |
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Presentation of results | |
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Further reading | |
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Index | |