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| How Old Is Old? The Rock Record and Geologic Time Relative Age | |
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| Stratigraphy | |
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| Gaps in the Record | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: A Grand View Of Stratigraphy | |
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| Fossils and Correlation | |
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| The Geologic Column | |
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| Eons and Eras | |
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| Periods and Epochs | |
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| Numerical Age | |
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| Early Attempts | |
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| Radioactivity and Numerical Ages | |
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| Magnetic Polarity Dating | |
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| Case Study: Dating Human Ancestors | |
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| The Age of Earth | |
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| Where Geologists Click: The U.S. Geological Survey | |
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| Amazing Places: Famous Unconformities | |
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| Plate Tectonics | |
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| A Revolution in Geology | |
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| Wegener’s Hypothesis of Continental Drift | |
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| The Puzzle-Piece Argument | |
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| Matching Geology | |
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| Apparent Polar Wandering Paths | |
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| The Missing Clue: Seafloor Spreading | |
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| The Plate Tectonic Model | |
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| Plate Tectonics in a Nutshell | |
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| Types of Plate Margins | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: The Red Sea And The Gulf Of Aden | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Interactive Tectonic Map | |
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| The Search for a Mechanism for Plate Motion | |
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| Amazing Places: The Hawaiian Islands: A Growing Island Chain | |
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| The Tectonic Cycle: Past, Present, Future | |
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| Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior | |
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| Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards | |
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| Earthquakes and Plate Motion | |
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| Case Study: Proving The Elastic Rebound Theory | |
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| Earthquake Hazards and Readiness | |
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| Earthquake Prediction | |
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| The Science of Seismology | |
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| Seismographs | |
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| Seismic Waves | |
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| Locating Earthquakes | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Earthquakes At Your Fingertips | |
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| Measuring Earthquakes | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Richter Magnitude And Modified Mercalli Intensity Scales | |
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| Studying Earth’s Interior | |
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| How Geologists Look into Earth’s Interior: Seismic Methods | |
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| How Geologists Look into Earth’s Interior: Other Methods | |
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| A Multilayered Planet | |
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| The Crust | |
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| The Mantle | |
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| Amazing Places: Point Reyes, California | |
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| The Core | |
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| Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards | |
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| Where Geologists Click: The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | |
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| Eruptions, Landforms, and Materials | |
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| Volcanic Hazards | |
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| Case Study: Plinian Eruption In The Philippines | |
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| Predicting Eruptions | |
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| Amazing Places: Mt. St. Helens | |
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| How, Why, and Where Rock Melts | |
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| Heat and Pressure Inside Earth | |
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| Magma and Lava | |
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| Cooling and Crystallization | |
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| Rate of Cooling | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Putting Rocks Under A Microscope | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Fractional Crystallization | |
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| Plutons and Plutonism | |
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| Batholiths and Stocks | |
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| Dikes and Sills | |
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| Weathering and Erosion | |
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| Weathering-The First Step in the Rock Cycle | |
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| How Rocks Disintegrate | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Joint Formation | |
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| Mechanical Weathering | |
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| Amazing Places: Monadnock-And Monadnocks | |
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| Chemical Weathering | |
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| Factors Affecting Weathering | |
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| Products of Weathering | |
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| Soil | |
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| Soil Profiles | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Soils Of Canada And The United States | |
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| Case Study: Bad And Good Soil Management | |
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| Erosion and Mass Wasting | |
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| Erosion by Water | |
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| Erosion by Wind | |
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| Erosion by Ice | |
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| Gravity and Mass Wasting | |
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| Slope Failures | |
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| Flows | |
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| Factor of Safety and Landslide Prediction | |
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| From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock Sediment | |
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| Clastic Sediment | |
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| Chemical and Biogenic Sediments | |
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| Transport and Deposition of Sediment | |
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| Depositional Environments on Land | |
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| Depositional Environments in and near the Ocean | |
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| Where Geologists Click: The Geological Society Of London | |
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| Sedimentary Rock | |
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| Rock Beds | |
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| Amazing Places: The Navajo Sandstone | |
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| Lithification | |
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| Types of Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: A Change In The Atmosphere | |
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| Interpreting Environmental Clues | |
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| Sedimentary Facies | |
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| Case Study: Thinking Critically About Sedimentation And Human History | |
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| How Plate Tectonics Affects Sedimentation | |
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| Divergent Plate Boundaries-Rift Valleys | |
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| Convergent Plate Boundaries-Collisional Type | |
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| Convergent Plate Boundaries-Subduction Type | |
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| Folds, Faults, and Geological Maps Rock Deformation | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Brittle and Ductile Deformation | |
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| Where Rock Deformation Occurs | |
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| Structural Geology | |
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| Strike and Dip | |
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| Faults and Fractures | |
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| Amazing Places: The Canadian Rockies | |
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| Folds | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Monocline | |
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| Geologic Maps | |
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| Case Study: The Map That Changed The World | |
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| Making and Interpreting Geologic Maps | |
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| Geologic Cross Sections | |
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| Where Geologists Click: National Geologic Maps Database | |
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| Metamorphism: New Rock from Old What Is Metamorphism? | |
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| The Limits of Metamorphism | |
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| Factors Influencing Metamorphism | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: At The Roadside | |
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| Case Study: Metamorphism And Billiards | |
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| Metamorphic Rock | |
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| Rock with Foliation | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Smithsonian Institution�S National Museum Of Natural History | |
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| Amazing Places: The Source Of Olmec Jade | |
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| Rock Without Foliation | |
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| Metamorphic Processes | |
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| Types of Metamorphism | |
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| Metasomatism | |
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| Metamorphic Facies | |
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| Water On and Under the Ground The Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Water in the Earth System | |
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| Pathways and Reservoirs | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Exploring The Water Cycle | |
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| How Water Affects Land | |
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| Streams and Channels | |
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| Stream Deposits | |
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| Large-Scale Topography of Stream Systems | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Drainage Basins | |
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| Lakes | |
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| Water as a Hazard and a Resource | |
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| Floods | |
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| Surface Water Resources | |
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| Case Study: Mono Lake And The Los Angeles Water Supply | |
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| Fresh Water Underground | |
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| The Water Table | |
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| How Groundwater Moves | |
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| Where Groundwater Is Stored | |
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| Groundwater Depletion and Contamination | |
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| When Groundwater Dissolves Rock | |
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| Caves and Sinkholes | |
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| Amazing Places: Lechuguilla Cave | |
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| 12 The Ocean and the Atmosphere The Ocean | |
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| Ocean Basins | |
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| The Composition of Seawater | |
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| Layers in the Ocean | |
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| Ocean Currents | |
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| Where Ocean Meets Land | |
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| Changes in Sea Level | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: What Causes Tides? | |
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| Waves | |
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| Shorelines and Coastal Landforms | |
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| Case Study: Thinking Critically About The Effects Of Oil Spills | |
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| Amazing Places: The Florida Keys Reef | |
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| The Atmosphere | |
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| Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere | |
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| Layers in the Atmosphere | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Ozone Hole Watch | |
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| Movement in the Atmosphere | |
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| Where Ocean Meets Atmosphere | |
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| Ocean-Atmosphere-Climate Interactions | |
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| Tropical Cyclones | |
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| El Ni�o and La Ni�a | |
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| Climatic Extremes: Deserts and Glaciers Deserts and Drylands | |
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| Types of Deserts | |
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| Wind Erosion | |
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| Desert Landforms | |
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| Desertification and Land Degradation | |
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| Changing Deserts | |
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| Mitigating Land Degradation | |
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| Case Study: The Sahel And The Dust Bowl | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Desertification | |
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| Glaciers and Ice Sheets | |
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| Components of the Cryosphere | |
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| Amazing Places: Glacier Bay National Park And Wilderness, Alaska | |
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| Ever-Changing Glaciers | |
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| The Glacial Landscape | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Periglacial Landforms | |
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| Earth’s Climates: Past, Present, Future The Climate System | |
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| Components of the Climate System | |
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| Present-Day Climates | |
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| Natural Causes of Climate Change | |
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| External Influences on Climate | |
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| Case Study: Wetter Times In Wadi Kufra | |
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| Internal Influences on Climate | |
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| Amazing Places: Fossil Forests Of The High Arctic | |
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| Feedbacks | |
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| The Record of Past Climate Change | |
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| Evidence of Climate Change | |
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| Case Study: Using Isotopes To Measure Past Climates | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Ice Cores | |
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| Earth’s Past Climates | |
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| Predicting the Future | |
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| What We Know | |
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| What We Think We Know | |
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| Where Geologists Click: The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change | |
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| The Big Uncertainties | |
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| A Brief History of Life on Earth Ever-Changing Earth | |
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| Early Life | |
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| Life in Three Not-So-Easy Steps | |
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| Archean and Proterozoic Life | |
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| Evolution and the Fossil Record | |
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| Evolution and Natural Selection | |
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| Where Geologists Click: Evolution 101 | |
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| How Fossils Form | |
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| Life in the Phanerozoic Eon | |
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| The Paleozoic Era | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: A Sample Of Cambrian Life | |
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| Amazing Places: The Burgess Shale | |
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| From Sea to Land | |
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| The Mesozoic Era | |
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| The Cenozoic Era | |
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| Mass Extinctions | |
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| 15 16Understanding Earth’s Resources | |
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| Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources | |
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| Natural Resources and Ancient History | |
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| Amazing Places: Saugus Iron Works | |
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| Resources and Modern Society | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Peat and Coal | |
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| Petroleum | |
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| Nontraditional Sources of Oil: Tar Sands and Oil Shales | |
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| Nontraditional Sources of Gas: Coal Beds and Shale | |
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| Relying on Fossil Fuels | |
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| Renewable Energy Resources | |
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| Power from Sun, Wind, and Water | |
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| Nuclear and Geothermal Power | |
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| Case Study: Thinking Critically About Nuclear Power | |
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| Mineral Resources | |
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| Finding and Assessing Mineral Resources | |
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| How Mineral Deposits Are Formed | |
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| What A Geologist Sees: Mineral Deposits In Progress | |