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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction: The Issue Is Deeper than American Movies | |
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The Evolving Global System | |
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Economic Issues | |
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Objectives of the Study | |
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Organization of the Volume and Summary of Findings | |
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A Road Map for the TRIPs Ahead | |
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General Obligations | |
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Copyrights | |
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Trademarks and Indications | |
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Patents | |
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Integrated Circuits | |
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Trade Secrets | |
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Control of Anticompetitive Practices | |
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Enforcement | |
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Transition Periods | |
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Administration of TRIPs | |
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Summary | |
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Globalization and the Economics of Intellectual Property Rights: Dancing the Dual Distortion | |
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Economics of Intellectual Property Rights | |
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Structures and Objectives of IPRs | |
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Sectoral Reliance on IPRs | |
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The Evolving US System: Protectionism Unchained? | |
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Globalization and the Technology Content of Trade | |
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Pressures for Change in the Global IPRs System | |
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Summary | |
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The Global Effects of Intellectual Property Rights: Measuring What Cannot Be Seen | |
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Measuring Intellectual Property Rights across Borders | |
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Determinants of Intellectual Property Rights | |
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The Effects of IPRs on International Economic Activity | |
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IPRs and International Technology Transfer | |
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Summary | |
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Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development: Patents, Growth, and Growing Pains | |
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How IPRs Contribute to Development | |
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Global Research and Development | |
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How IPRs Hamper Economic Development | |
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Evidence on the Overall Impact of IPRs on Growth | |
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Summary | |
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The Global Policy Framework: Intellectual Property Rights and Wrongs? | |
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Putting TRIPs into Action | |
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TRIPs as an Economic Optimizer | |
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Regional Initiatives | |
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Summary | |
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Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection: Take the Medicine, but Get Some Exercise, Too | |
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National Policies to Optimize IPRs | |
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IPRs and Social Regulation | |
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International Initiatives | |
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Summary | |
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Conclusions and Policy Recommendations: Are We There Yet? | |
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Where We Are | |
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Where We Are Going | |
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Does TRIPs Belong in the WTO? | |
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The Way Forward Is to Be Forward-Looking | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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Tables | |
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Substantive requirements of the TRIPs agreement in the WTO | |
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Instruments and agreements for protecting IPRs | |
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Patent applications in selected countries | |
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Trademark applications in selected countries | |
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Applications for registrations of plant varieties in selected countries | |
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Indicators of demand for copyright products in selected countries | |
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Trade in IPR-sensitive goods for selected countries | |
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Trade in IPR-sensitive services and royalties and license fees | |
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Inward and outward stocks of foreign direct investment | |
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Membership trends in key intellectual property conventions | |
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Qualitative trends in intellectual property protection, selected countries | |
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Indices of the strength of IPRs laws | |
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Survey indices of perceived strength of IPRs | |
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Estimated rates of software piracy and lost revenues | |
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Determinants of Ginarte-Park Patent Rights Index | |
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1985 income levels and 1990 predicted patent indices | |
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Simulated increases in total imports by sector into developing countries resulting from strengthened patent laws | |
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Percentage of firms claiming that strength or weakness of IPRs has a strong effect on whether direct investments will be made, by type of facility, 1991 | |
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Percentage of firms claiming that intellectual property protection is too weak to permit type of investment, 1991 | |
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Simultaneous equations models of the impact of patent strength on international exploitation of intellectual assets | |
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Estimates of the general-equilibrium knowledge capital model | |
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Simulated static effects of stronger IPRs enforcement in Lebanon, 1996 | |
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Estimated static rent transfers from TRIPs-induced strengthening of 1998 patent laws | |
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Estimates of how TRIPs patent changes affect international flows of economic activity for selected countries | |
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Summary of IPRs exhaustion regimes | |
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Figures | |
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Basic access innovation trade-off in IPRs | |
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Relationship between patent rights and per capita GNP | |