| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What is Ecological Genetics? | |
| |
| |
Overview of the Book | |
| |
| |
Basic Genetic Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Population genetics I: Genetic variation, random and nonrandom mating | |
| |
| |
What is Population Genetics? | |
| |
| |
What are populations and why are they important? | |
| |
| |
Genetic Variation | |
| |
| |
Measuring Genetic Variation: Genetic Markers | |
| |
| |
Visible polymorphisms | |
| |
| |
Molecular markers | |
| |
| |
Protein electrophoresis | |
| |
| |
DNA markers | |
| |
| |
Measuring Genetic Variation: Simple Summary Statistics | |
| |
| |
Organization of Genetic Variation within Populations | |
| |
| |
Random mating | |
| |
| |
Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg model | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is a Model? | |
| |
| |
Deriving the Hardy-Weinberg equations | |
| |
| |
Uses of the Hardy-Weinberg Model: Tests for Departure from HWE | |
| |
| |
| |
A Brief Introduction to Statistics | |
| |
| |
Recessive alleles hidden in heterozygotes | |
| |
| |
Nonrandom Mating | |
| |
| |
Assortative mating | |
| |
| |
Inbreeding | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
| |
Population genetics II: Changes in allele frequency | |
| |
| |
Mutation | |
| |
| |
Migration | |
| |
| |
Genetic Drift | |
| |
| |
Random genetic drift | |
| |
| |
Population differentiation | |
| |
| |
F-statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculation of F-statistics | |
| |
| |
Effective population size (N[subscript e]) | |
| |
| |
Inbreeding with random mating in small populations | |
| |
| |
Natural Selection: Selection on Genotypes | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of Inbreeding Depression Due to Genetic Drift | |
| |
| |
Fitness | |
| |
| |
How does selection at one locus change allele frequencies at that locus? | |
| |
| |
Overdominance or heterozygote advantage | |
| |
| |
Frequency dependent selection | |
| |
| |
Population Genetics: Synthesis | |
| |
| |
Interactions Between the Four Evolutionary Forces | |
| |
| |
Mutation-selection balance | |
| |
| |
Selection vs. migration | |
| |
| |
Selection vs. genetic drift | |
| |
| |
Migration vs. genetic drift | |
| |
| |
Methods of measuring gene flow | |
| |
| |
Selection, genetic drift, and gene flow: Wright's shifting balance theory | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings Questions | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative genetics I: Genetic variation | |
| |
| |
Mendelian Basis of Continuous Traits | |
| |
| |
Different types of gene action | |
| |
| |
How can we quantify gene action? | |
| |
| |
Population mean | |
| |
| |
Population variance | |
| |
| |
Breeding value | |
| |
| |
Heritability | |
| |
| |
Estimating Additive Variance and Heritability | |
| |
| |
Offspring-parent regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Regression Details | |
| |
| |
Maternal and paternal effects | |
| |
| |
Sibling analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
| |
| |
Comparison of methods | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings Questions | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative genetics II: Advanced topics | |
| |
| |
Phenotypic Plasticity and Genotype-by-Environment Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Two-Way ANOVA | |
| |
| |
Multiple Subpopulations--Differentiation vs. Adaptive Plasticity | |
| |
| |
Correlations Among Traits | |
| |
| |
Sources of genetic covariance among traits | |
| |
| |
What can cause linkage disequilibrium? | |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of genetic correlations in nature | |
| |
| |
Artificial Selection | |
| |
| |
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial selection | |
| |
| |
QTL Mapping | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings Questions | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
| |
Natural selection on phenotypes | |
| |
| |
The Chicago School Approach to Phenotypic Evolution | |
| |
| |
Selective Agents and Targets | |
| |
| |
Multiple traits; direct and indirect selection | |
| |
| |
Selection gradients | |
| |
| |
Experimental manipulation | |
| |
| |
Correlational selection | |
| |
| |
How do we study selective agents? | |
| |
| |
Notes on the Study of Adaptation | |
| |
| |
Synthesis: Predicting Short-Term Phenotypic Evolution | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Bivariate Relationships in Ecological Genetics | |
| |
| |
The Future of Ecological Genetics | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings Questions | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
| |
Applied ecological genetics | |
| |
| |
Conservation Genetics | |
| |
| |
What is the unit to be conserved? | |
| |
| |
How do genetic factors directly affect extinction risk? | |
| |
| |
Adaptation to environmental change in the future | |
| |
| |
Conservation genetics in the future | |
| |
| |
Evolution of Invasive Species | |
| |
| |
Transgene Escape | |
| |
| |
Establishment of transgenes in wild populations | |
| |
| |
Fitness effects of transgenes | |
| |
| |
Strategies to reduce transgene escape risk | |
| |
| |
Evolution of Resistance to Pesticides and Antibiotics | |
| |
| |
Selection | |
| |
| |
Genetic variance and covariance | |
| |
| |
Gene flow and population structure | |
| |
| |
Resistance management | |
| |
| |
The Future of Applied Ecological Genetics | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
Suggested Readings Questions | |
| |
| |
Chapter References | |
| |
| |
Appendix | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |