Foreword | p. xv |
Research and Writing | |
The Research Paper as a Form of Exploration | p. 3 |
The Research Paper as a Form of Communication | p. 5 |
Selecting a Topic | p. 6 |
Freedom of Choice | p. 6 |
Finding an Appropriate Focus | p. 7 |
Summing Up | p. 7 |
Conducting Research | p. 8 |
The Modern Academic Library | p. 8 |
Library Research Sources | p. 9 |
The Central Information System | p. 10 |
Reference Works | p. 11 |
The Online Catalog of Library Holdings | p. 20 |
Full-Text Databases | p. 25 |
Other Library Resources and Services | p. 30 |
Internet Sources | p. 31 |
Summing Up | p. 36 |
Compiling a Working Bibliography | p. 37 |
Keeping Track of Sources | p. 37 |
Creating a Computer File for the Working Bibliography | p. 37 |
Recording Essential Publication Information | p. 38 |
Noting Other Useful Information | p. 40 |
Verifying Publication Information | p. 40 |
Converting the Working Bibliography to the Works-Cited List | p. 40 |
Summing Up | p. 41 |
Evaluating Sources | p. 41 |
Authority | p. 41 |
Accuracy and Verifiability | p. 44 |
Currency | p. 45 |
Summing Up | p. 45 |
Taking Notes | p. 46 |
Methods of Note-Taking | p. 46 |
Types of Note-Taking | p. 46 |
Recording Page Numbers | p. 47 |
Using a Computer for Note-Taking | p. 47 |
Amount and Accuracy of Note-Taking | p. 47 |
Summing Up | p. 48 |
Outlining | p. 48 |
Working Outline | p. 48 |
Thesis Statement | p. 49 |
Final Outline | p. 51 |
Summing Up | p. 56 |
Writing Drafts | p. 57 |
The First Draft | p. 57 |
Subsequent Drafts | p. 57 |
Writing with a Word Processor | p. 58 |
The Final Draft and the Research Project Portfolio | p. 59 |
Summing Up | p. 59 |
Language and Style | p. 60 |
Guides to Writing | p. 61 |
Plagiarism | |
Definition of Plagiarism | p. 66 |
Consequences of Plagiarism | p. 66 |
Information Sharing Today | p. 68 |
Unintentional Plagiarism | p. 69 |
Forms of Plagiarism | p. 70 |
When Documentation Is Not Needed | p. 73 |
Other Issues | p. 74 |
Reusing a Research Paper | p. 74 |
Collaborative Work | p. 74 |
Copyright Infringement | p. 74 |
Summing Up | p. 75 |
The Mechanics of Writing | |
Spelling | p. 79 |
Consistency | p. 79 |
Word Division | p. 79 |
Plurals | p. 80 |
Foreign Words | p. 80 |
Punctuation | p. 80 |
The Purpose of Punctuation | p. 80 |
Commas | p. 81 |
Semicolons | p. 85 |
Colons | p. 86 |
Dashes and Parentheses | p. 87 |
Hyphens | p. 88 |
Apostrophes | p. 90 |
Quotation Marks | p. 91 |
Square Brackets | p. 92 |
Slashes | p. 93 |
Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points | p. 93 |
Spacing after Concluding Punctuation Marks | p. 93 |
Italics (Underlining) | p. 94 |
Words and Letters Referred to as Words and Letters | p. 95 |
Foreign Words in an English Text | p. 95 |
Emphasis | p. 95 |
Names of Persons | p. 96 |
First and Subsequent Uses of Names | p. 96 |
Titles of Persons | p. 96 |
Names of Authors and Fictional Characters | p. 97 |
Numbers | p. 97 |
Arabic Numerals | p. 97 |
Use of Words or Numerals | p. 98 |
Commas in Numbers | p. 99 |
Percentages and Amounts of Money | p. 100 |
Dates and Times of the Day | p. 100 |
Inclusive Numbers | p. 101 |
Roman Numerals | p. 102 |
Titles of Works in the Research Paper | p. 102 |
Capitalization and Punctuation | p. 102 |
Underlined Titles | p. 104 |
Titles in Quotation Marks | p. 105 |
Titles and Quotations within Titles | p. 106 |
Exceptions | p. 107 |
Shortened Titles | p. 109 |
Quotations | p. 109 |
Use and Accuracy of Quotations | p. 109 |
Prose | p. 110 |
Poetry | p. 111 |
Drama | p. 113 |
Ellipsis | p. 114 |
Other Alterations of Sources | p. 118 |
Punctuation with Quotations | p. 119 |
Translations of Quotations | p. 121 |
Capitalization and Personal Names in Languages Other Than English | p. 122 |
French | p. 122 |
German | p. 124 |
Italian | p. 126 |
Spanish | p. 127 |
Latin | p. 129 |
The Format of the Research Paper | |
Printing or Typing | p. 132 |
Paper | p. 132 |
Margins | p. 132 |
Spacing | p. 133 |
Heading and Title | p. 133 |
Page Numbers | p. 134 |
Tables and Illustrations | p. 134 |
Corrections and Insertions | p. 137 |
Binding | p. 138 |
Electronic Submission | p. 138 |
Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited | |
Documenting Sources | p. 142 |
MLA Style | p. 142 |
The List of Works Cited and Other Source Lists | p. 144 |
Format of the List of Works Cited | p. 145 |
Arrangement of Entries | p. 146 |
Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications | p. 147 |
The Basic Entry: A Book by a Single Author | p. 147 |
An Anthology or a Compilation | p. 152 |
Two or More Books by the Same Author | p. 153 |
A Book by Two or More Authors | p. 154 |
Two or More Books by the Same Authors | p. 156 |
A Book by a Corporate Author | p. 157 |
A Work in an Anthology | p. 158 |
An Article in a Reference Book | p. 160 |
An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword | p. 161 |
Cross-References | p. 162 |
An Anonymous Book | p. 163 |
An Edition | p. 163 |
A Translation | p. 165 |
A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition | p. 166 |
A Multivolume Work | p. 167 |
A Book in a Series | p. 170 |
A Republished Book | p. 171 |
A Publisher's Imprint | p. 172 |
A Book with Multiple Publishers | p. 173 |
A Pamphlet | p. 174 |
A Government Publication | p. 174 |
The Published Proceedings of a Conference | p. 176 |
A Book in a Language Other Than English | p. 177 |
A Book Published before 1900 | p. 177 |
A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination | p. 178 |
An Unpublished Dissertation | p. 179 |
A Published Dissertation | p. 179 |
Citing Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals | p. 180 |
The Basic Entry: An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Pagination | p. 180 |
An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately | p. 184 |
An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers | p. 184 |
An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One Series | p. 185 |
An Article in a Newspaper | p. 185 |
An Article in a Magazine | p. 187 |
A Review | p. 188 |
An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal | p. 189 |
An Anonymous Article | p. 190 |
An Editorial | p. 190 |
A Letter to the Editor | p. 191 |
A Serialized Article | p. 191 |
A Special Issue | p. 192 |
An Article in a Microform Collection of Articles | p. 193 |
An Article Reprinted in a Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles | p. 193 |
Citing Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint Sources | p. 194 |
A Television or Radio Program | p. 194 |
A Sound Recording | p. 196 |
A Film or Video Recording | p. 198 |
A Performance | p. 199 |
A Musical Composition | p. 200 |
A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph | p. 201 |
An Interview | p. 202 |
A Map or Chart | p. 203 |
A Cartoon or Comic Strip | p. 203 |
An Advertisement | p. 204 |
A Lecture, a Speech, an Address, or a Reading | p. 204 |
A Manuscript or Typescript | p. 205 |
A Letter or Memo | p. 205 |
A Legal Source | p. 206 |
Citing Electronic Publications | p. 207 |
The Basic Entry: A Document from an Internet Site | p. 207 |
An Entire Internet Site | p. 216 |
An Online Book | p. 218 |
An Article in an Online Periodical | p. 221 |
A Publication on CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape | p. 224 |
A Work in More Than One Publication Medium | p. 228 |
A Work from a Library or Personal Subscription Service | p. 229 |
A Work in an Indeterminate Medium | p. 230 |
Other Electronic Sources | p. 231 |
Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text | |
Parenthetical Documentation and the List of Works Cited | p. 238 |
Information Required in Parenthetical Documentation | p. 238 |
Readability | p. 239 |
Sample References | p. 242 |
Citing an Entire Work, Including a Work with No Page Numbers | p. 242 |
Citing Part of a Work | p. 244 |
Citing Volume and Page Numbers of a Multivolume Work | p. 247 |
Citing a Work Listed by Title | p. 247 |
Citing a Work by a Corporate Author | p. 250 |
Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors | p. 251 |
Citing Indirect Sources | p. 252 |
Citing Literary and Religious Works | p. 253 |
Citing More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference | p. 256 |
Using Notes with Parenthetical Documentation | p. 258 |
Content Notes | p. 258 |
Bibliographic Notes | p. 259 |
Abbreviations | |
Introduction | p. 262 |
Time Designations | p. 263 |
Geographic Names | p. 264 |
Common Scholarly Abbreviations | p. 265 |
Publishers' Names | p. 272 |
Symbols and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading and Correction | p. 274 |
Selected Proofreading Symbols | p. 274 |
Common Correction Symbols and Abbreviations | p. 275 |
Titles of Literary and Religious Works | p. 275 |
Bible | p. 276 |
Shakespeare | p. 278 |
Chaucer | p. 279 |
Other Literary Works | p. 280 |
Selected Reference Works by Field | |
Anthropology | p. 284 |
Art and Architecture | p. 284 |
Biology | p. 285 |
Business | p. 285 |
Chemistry | p. 286 |
Computer Science | p. 286 |
Education | p. 287 |
Environmental Sciences | p. 287 |
Geography | p. 288 |
Geology | p. 288 |
History | p. 289 |
Language and Literature | p. 289 |
Law | p. 291 |
Mathematics | p. 291 |
Medicine | p. 291 |
Music | p. 292 |
Philosophy | p. 292 |
Physics | p. 293 |
Psychology | p. 293 |
Religion | p. 294 |
Science and Technology | p. 294 |
Sociology | p. 295 |
Other Systems of Documentation | |
Endnotes and Footnotes | p. 298 |
Documentation Notes versus the List of Works Cited and Parenthetical References | p. 298 |
Note Numbers | p. 298 |
Note Form versus Bibliographic Form | p. 299 |
Endnotes versus Footnotes | p. 299 |
Sample First Note References: Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications | p. 300 |
Sample First Note References: Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals | p. 303 |
Sample First Note References: Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint Sources | p. 306 |
Sample First Note References: Electronic Publications | p. 309 |
Subsequent References | p. 312 |
Author-Date System | p. 313 |
Number System | p. 315 |
Specialized Style Manuals | p. 316 |
Sample Pages of a Research Paper in MLA Style | p. 319 |
Index | p. 323 |
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