| |
| |
| Maps and Tables | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Conflict and Approaches to Understanding It | |
| |
| |
| Defining Our Terms | |
| |
| |
| Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic and National Conflicts | |
| |
| |
| Typology of Ethnic Groups | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Ethnicity/Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Primordialism | |
| |
| |
| Constructivism | |
| |
| |
| Instrumentalism | |
| |
| |
| Modernization | |
| |
| |
| International Relations and Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Realism | |
| |
| |
| Liberalism/Liberal Institutionalism | |
| |
| |
| Constructivism | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Levels of Analysis and Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Political Leadership | |
| |
| |
| Elites and Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Elites and Resolving Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level Theories: Interests, Powers, and Organization | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level Causes of Ethnic Conflict: Why They Fight | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level Responses to Violence: The State and Institutions | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| International Level Actors in Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| International Level Factors as a Means to Manage and Settle Ethnic Conflicts | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of International Responses to End Internal Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Northern Ireland: Protestants, Catholics, and "The Troubles" | |
| |
| |
| Northern Ireland in Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| The Creation of Northern Ireland | |
| |
| |
| From the Creation of Northern Ireland to the Present | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Northern Ireland and Leadership Theories | |
| |
| |
| Gerry Adams and the Reverend Ian Paisley | |
| |
| |
| John Hume and David Trimble | |
| |
| |
| George Mitchell | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Communities and Identities | |
| |
| |
| Consociational Institutions and Ethno-Nationalist Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Gendered Nationalism and Northern Ireland | |
| |
| |
| The Participation of the British Government | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland) | |
| |
| |
| The Involvement of the United States | |
| |
| |
| European Union | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bosnia: War in the Balkans | |
| |
| |
| Bosnia in Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Slobodan Milosevic | |
| |
| |
| Franjo Tudjman | |
| |
| |
| Alija Izetbegovic | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Outbidding | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Public Opinion, Parties, and Elections | |
| |
| |
| Criminals and Militias | |
| |
| |
| Media, Intellectuals, and the Democratization Process | |
| |
| |
| Gendered Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Economic and Political Conditions and the Ethnic Balance of Power | |
| |
| |
| Religion and Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| Responding to the Outbreak of War | |
| |
| |
| Peace Plans | |
| |
| |
| Postwar Bosnia | |
| |
| |
| International Actors and Agreements | |
| |
| |
| Political Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sudan: Arabs versus Africans and Darfur in Crisis | |
| |
| |
| The Darfur Crisis in Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Omar Hassan al-Bashir | |
| |
| |
| John Garang de Mabior (SPLA) | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Communities and Identities | |
| |
| |
| Gendered Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Ethno-Nationalist Conflict and Domestic Political Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Nongovernmental Domestic Actors | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| Military Supply of the Sudanese Government | |
| |
| |
| European Union Arms Embargo | |
| |
| |
| United States | |
| |
| |
| International Condemnation | |
| |
| |
| African Union | |
| |
| |
| Other International Involvement: Some Minor Actors | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sri Lanka: Protracted Rebellion | |
| |
| |
| The Sri Lankan Crisis in Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| Colonialism | |
| |
| |
| Civil War | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga | |
| |
| |
| Velupillai Prabhakaran | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Outbidding | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Communities and Identities | |
| |
| |
| Competing Ideas of State Formation | |
| |
| |
| Consociationalism versus the Hegemonic State in Sri Lanka | |
| |
| |
| Negotiating from Power Balance or Power Asymmetry | |
| |
| |
| Economic Roots of the Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Gendered Nationalism in Sri Lanka | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| Sri Lanka's Importance to the Cold War and Post-Cold War World | |
| |
| |
| International Intervention | |
| |
| |
| India and Noncoercive Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Norway's Role in the Peace Process | |
| |
| |
| NGOs and IGOs | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Israel and Palestine: Two Peoples, One Land | |
| |
| |
| Israel and Palestine in Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| Conflict over the Land | |
| |
| |
| Attempts at Peace | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Yitzhak Rabin | |
| |
| |
| Ehud Barak | |
| |
| |
| Yasser Arafat | |
| |
| |
| Extremists, Spoilers, and Ethnic Outbidding | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| Nationalism and National Identity | |
| |
| |
| Gendered Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Political Parties | |
| |
| |
| Public Opinion | |
| |
| |
| Israel as Hegemonic Democracy/Ethnocracy | |
| |
| |
| Economic and Political Factors in the Occupied Territories | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| United States | |
| |
| |
| United Nations | |
| |
| |
| Norway | |
| |
| |
| European Union | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Revisiting Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| International Relations Theories on Ethnic Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Individual Level | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Level | |
| |
| |
| International Level | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |