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| Introduction | |
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| Research on Winners and Losers in Politics | |
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| Who Votes, Who Doesn't? | |
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| Repression of Human Rights | |
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| a Look into Judicial Decision Making and Its Effects Influencing Bureaucracies | |
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| Effects of Campaign Advertising on Voters | |
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| Research on Public Support for U.S. Foreign Involvement | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Studying Politics Scientifically | |
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| Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge | |
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| The Importance of Theory | |
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| Acquiring Empirical Knowledge: The Scientific Method | |
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| Deduction and Induction | |
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| The Scientific Method at Work | |
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| Is Political Science Really "Science"? | |
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| Practical Objections | |
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| Philosophical Objections | |
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| a Brief History of Political Science as a Discipline | |
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| The Era of Traditional Political Science | |
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| The Empirical Revolution | |
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| Reaction to Empiricism | |
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| Political Science Today: Peaceful Coexistence? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Building Blocks of Social Scientific Research: Hypotheses, Concepts, and Variables | |
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| Specifying the Research Question | |
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| Proposing Explanations | |
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| Formulating Hypotheses | |
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| Characteristics of Good Hypotheses | |
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| Specifying Units of Analysis | |
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| Cross-level Analysis: Ecological Inference and Ecological Fallacy | |
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| Defining Concepts | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Building Blocks of Social Scientific Research: Measurement | |
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| Devising Measurement Strategies | |
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| Examples of Political Measurements: Getting to Operationalization | |
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| The Accuracy of Measurements | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Problems with Reliability and Validity in Political Science Measurement | |
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| The Precision of Measurements | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Working with Precision: Too Little or Too Much | |
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| Multi-item Measures | |
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| Indexes | |
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| Scales | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Causal Inferences and Controlled Experiments | |
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| Causal versus Spurious Relationships | |
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| Randomized Controlled Experiments | |
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| Randomization and the Assignment of Subjects | |
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| Interpreting and Generalizing the Results of an Experiment | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Other Versions of Experimental Designs | |
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| Simple Post-test Design | |
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| Repeated-Measurement Design | |
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| Multigroup Design | |
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| Field Experiments | |
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| Nonexperimental Designs | |
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| Small-N Designs | |
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| Cross-Sectional Designs: Surveys and Aggregate Data Analysis | |
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| Large Longitudinal (Time Series) Designs | |
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| Panel Studies | |
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| Alternative Research Strategies | |
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| Formal Modeling | |
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| Simulation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Conducting a Literature Review Selecting a Research Topic | |
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| Why Conduct a Literature Review? | |
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| Collecting Sources for a Literature Review | |
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| Identifying the Relevant Scholarly Literature | |
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| Identifying Useful Popular Sources | |
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| Reading the Literature | |
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| Writing a Literature Review | |
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| Anatomy of a Literature Review | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Sampling | |
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| The Basics of Sampling | |
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| Population or Sample? | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Types of Samples | |
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| Simple Random Samples | |
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| Systematic Samples | |
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| Stratified Samples | |
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| Cluster Samples | |
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| Nonprobability Samples | |
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| Samples and Statistical Inference: a Gentle Introduction | |
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| Expected Values | |
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| Measuring the Variability of the Estimates: Standard Errors | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| How Large a Sample? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Making Empirical Observations: Direct and Indirect Observation | |
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| Types of Data and Collection Techniques | |
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| Qualitative versus Quantitative Uses of Data | |
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| Choosing among Data Collection Methods | |
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| Observation | |
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| Direct Observation | |
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| Indirect Observation | |
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| Physical Trace Measures | |
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| Validity Problems with Indirect Observation | |
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| Ethical Issues in Observation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Document Analysis: Using the Written Record | |
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| Types of Written Records | |
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| The Episodic Record | |
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| The Running Record | |
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| The Running Record and Episodic Record Compared | |
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| Presidential Job Approval | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| Content Analysis Procedures | |
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| News Coverage of Presidential Campaigns | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Written Record | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Survey Research and Interviewing | |
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| Fundamentals: Ensuring Validity and Reliability | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Types of Surveys | |
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| Characteristics of Surveys | |
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| Response Quality | |
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| Survey Type and Response Quality | |
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| Question Wording | |
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| Question Type | |
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| Question Order | |
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| Questionnaire Design | |
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| Using Archived Survey Data | |
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| Advantages of Using Archived Surveys | |
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| Publicly Available Archives | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| The Ins and Outs of Interviewing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Statistics: First Steps | |
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| The Data Matrix | |
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| Data Description and Exploration | |
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| Frequency Distributions, Proportions, and Percentages | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability or Dispersion | |
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| Deviations from Central Tendency | |
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| Graphs for Presentation and Exploration | |
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| Presentation Graphs: Bar Charts and Pie Diagrams | |
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| Exploratory Graphs | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| Two Kinds of Inference | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Significance Tests of a Mean | |
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| Confidence Intervals and Confidence Levels: Reporting Estimates of Population Parameters | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Investigating Relationships between Two Variables | |
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| The Basics of Identifying and Measuring Relationships | |
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| Types of Relationships | |
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| The Strength of Relationships | |
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| Numerical Summaries: Measures of Association | |
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| Cross-tabulations of Nominal and Ordinal Variables | |
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| a First Look at the Strength of a Relationship | |
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| The Direction of a Relationship | |
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| Coefficients for Ordinal Variables | |
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| a Coefficient for Nominal Data | |
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| Association in 2 x 2 Tables: The Odds Ratio | |
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| Testing a Cross-tabulation for Statistical Significance | |
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| Analysis of Variance and the Difference of Means | |
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| Difference of Means or Effect Size | |
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| Difference of Proportions | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| Regression Analysis | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Matrix Plots | |
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| Modeling Linear Relationships | |
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| The Regression Model | |
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| Interpretation of Parameters | |
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| Measuring the Fit of a Regression Line | |
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| The Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Standardized Regression Coefficients | |
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| Inference for Regression Parameters | |
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| Regression Is Sensitive to Large Values | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Multivariate Analysis | |
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| Multivariate Analysis of Categorical Data | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Interpretation of Parameters | |
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| Dummy Variables | |
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| Estimation and Calculation of a Regression Equation | |
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| Standardized Regression Coefficients | |
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| Measuring the Goodness of Fit | |
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| Tests of Significance | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| Estimating the Model's Coefficients | |
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| Measures of Fit | |
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| Significance Tests | |
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| An Alternative Interpretation of Logistic Regression Coefficients | |
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| a Substantive Example | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Terms Introduced | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Research Report: An Annotated Example | |
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| Bias in Newspaper Photograph Selection | |
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| Relevant Literature | |
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| Political Atmosphere Theory | |
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| Why Newspapers | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Findings | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Normal Curve Tail Probabilities | |
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| Critical Values from t Distribution | |
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| Chi-Squared Distribution Values for Various Right-tail Probabilities | |
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| F Distribution | |