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| Preface | |
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| Introducing the Early Church | |
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| Church Authority After the Apostles | |
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| What Does 'Church' Mean to You? | |
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| Christian Identity: The Church's Self-image | |
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| The Age of Persecution | |
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| Why the Church Survived and Flourished | |
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| An Emperor Becomes Christian | |
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| How Constantine's Conversion Affected Church Authority | |
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| Other Changes in the Church After Constantine's Conversion | |
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| The Early Church: Where Geography Made History | |
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| When Did the Roman Catholic Church Begin? | |
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| The Early Church Defines Orthodox Christianity | |
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| Religious Education Questions in the Early Church | |
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| Gnosticism: The Church Confronts Heresy | |
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| Arianism and the Council of Nicea | |
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| Enter the Holy Spirit | |
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| The Council of Constantinople | |
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| Another Controversy: 'Mother of God' or 'Mother of Jesus' | |
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| The Council of Chalcedon | |
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| Philosophy in the Service of Faith: 'Homoousios' | |
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| The Power Behind the Councils: The Role of the Holy Spirit in Formulating Doctrine | |
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| The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Western Church | |
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| The Western Church During the Age of Barbarian Invasion | |
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| New Challenges in an Age of Chaos | |
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| The Church as Preserver of Order and Stability | |
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| Ambrose: A Bishop Provides Social Order and Stability | |
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| The Continuing Development of Papal Authority | |
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| Working Out a Theory of Papal Primacy | |
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| Trouble for the Future: The Origins of the Donatist Controversy | |
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| The Early Church's Most Famous 'Character' Gives Christianity the Bible: Saint Jerome and the Vulgate | |
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| Concluding the Age of the Church Fathers | |
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| Pelagius's Challenge: Grace Versus Free Will | |
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| Ordinary Catholic Life in the Age of Augustine | |
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| Devotion to Mary and the Saints | |
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| Monasticism: The Laity Starts a Movement | |
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| Leaving the Era of the Fathers: A Church in Transition | |
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| Leaving the Age of the Fathers--and Mothers--of the Early Church | |
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| Are We Pelagian Today, Years After the Early Church Condemned Pelagianism? | |
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| Papacy and Empire Vie for Control of the Church | |
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| Enter the Franks | |
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| Who Controls the Church--King or Pope? | |
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| Charlemagne: A New Constantine Tries to Control the Church | |
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| The Church 'Goes to the Dogs' (The First Time) | |
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| Lay Investiture | |
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| The Dog Dies (The First Time) | |
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| Phase One: Cluny | |
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| The Origins of Priestly Celibacy | |
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| The Cardinals | |
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| Phase Two: The Gregorian Reform | |
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| The Tide Turns in Favor of the Popes | |
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| The Catholic World in Charlemagne's Day: Who Were Our Ancestors in the Faith? | |
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| A Day in the Life of an Average Parish Priest, About A.D. 1000 | |
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| Catholics, Byzantines and Muslims | |
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| Constantinople: The Splendor of the Christian World | |
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| Islam: A New Faith Comes to Birth in the East | |
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| Internal Affairs in Byzantium | |
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| The Iconoclast Controversy: What Role Do Images Play in Practicing the Faith? | |
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| The Byzantines Quarrel With the Roman Catholic Church | |
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| Differences in Everyday Piety From East to West | |
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| Schism: Two Churches Instead of One | |
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| Muslims Versus Christians: Overcoming False Stereotypes | |
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| The Filioque Controversy: Proceeding Versus Sending | |
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| The Vanishing Dream of Catholic Christendom | |
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| The Concept of 'Christendom' | |
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| Pope Innocent III: A Powerful King in the Papal Office | |
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| The Crusades | |
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| The Crusades' Effect on the Church's Self-image | |
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| The Laity's Impulse Toward Gospel Simplicity Sometimes Leads to Extremism | |
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| Francis and Dominic | |
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| Pope Boniface VIII: The Church Blunders Its Way Back Into Domination by the State | |
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| The Soul of an Age: Saint Francis of Assisi | |
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| Your 'Day in Court' Before the Inquisition | |
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| The Church's Intellectual Life | |
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| Christian Learning in Charlemagne's Empire | |
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| Scholasticism: Scholarship in the Service of Faith | |
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| Universities and the Rise of Nonreligious Learning | |
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| Faith 'Versus' Reason, or Faith 'In Harmony With' Reason? | |
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| 'Realism' Versus 'Nominalism' | |
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| University Scholars Seek Church Reform | |
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| Doctors of the Church | |
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| Anselm's 'Ontological Proof' for the Existence of God | |
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| Everyday Life in the Catholic Middle Ages | |
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| Life Structured as a Pyramid | |
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| Spirituality: Experiencing Doctrine in the Heart | |
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| Becoming Feminine Before God | |
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| Daily Life in Parish and Diocese | |
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| Hell and Purgatory | |
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| An Age of Contradiction | |
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| The Age of the Feminine | |
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| Did the Catholic Church Hide the Bible From Believers in the Middle Ages? | |
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| The End of the Catholic Middle Ages | |
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| The 'Babylonian Captivity' of the Papacy | |
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| New Concepts of Church Government | |
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| The Western Schism: Not One Pope, But Two, Then Three | |
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| The Conciliar Movement: An Aborted Attempt at Reform | |
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| Living the Gospel in a Time of Chaos and Disruption | |
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| The Black Death | |
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| Social Unrest and Revolt | |
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| The Hundred Years' War | |
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| A Saint Dies, an Epoch Dies | |
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| 'Whatever Happened to the Byzantine Church?' | |
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| The Catholic Church's 'Report Card' on the Eve of the Protestant Reformation | |
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| Entering the Age of Reformation | |
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| A Brief Story to Set the Mood | |
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| Fact or Fiction? | |
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| Change in the Air | |
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| Europe the Tinderbox | |
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| Martin Luther and Pope Leo X: A Study in Contrasts | |
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| Was the Catholic Church Really 'All That Corrupt' on the Eve of the Reformation? | |
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| The Reformation: Protestant Phase One | |
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| 'Here I Stand' | |
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| The Road to Worms | |
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| St. Peter's Basilica and the Controversy Over Indulgences | |
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| Luther's Theology | |
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| Luther: Champion of Freedom | |
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| Luther the Man: A Life Marked by Inconsistency | |
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| 'Protestants' Versus Catholics | |
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| The Reformation: Protestant Phase Two | |
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| Radical Reform Efforts: The 'Left Wing' | |
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| Religion or Power? | |
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| Calvin's Theocracy | |
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| Henry VIII and Anglicanism | |
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| 'Paris Is Worth a Mass' | |
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| Thomas More: Saint, Rebel or Patriot? | |
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| Healing the Breach: A First Step Toward Resolving the Theological Question That Underlies the Protestant-Catholic Split | |
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| The Reformation: The Catholic Phase | |
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| Catholic Reform Before Luther | |
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| Catholicism Responds to the Protestant Reformation | |
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| The Council of Trent | |
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| The Jesuits: Putting Trent's Decrees Into Action | |
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| Healthy Reform--and Reform to an Excess--Under Pope Paul IV | |
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| Toward the Age of Religious Intolerance | |
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| Moving From the Council of Trent to Vatican II | |
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| Teresa of Avila: A Woman Contributes to Church Reform | |
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| The Reformation: Its Bleak Aftermath | |
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| Not Such Strange Bedfellows | |
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| A Hatred-filled Continent | |
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| England: Puritans Versus Anglicans Versus Catholics | |
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| France: 'One King, One Law, One Faith' | |
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| Germany in Shambles | |
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| The Secular Age Is Born | |
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| Have American Catholics Sometimes Been More Jansenist Than Christian? | |
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| A Look at the Philosophes' Gospel: Enter the Modern Age | |
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| The Church in the New World | |
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| Catholic or European? | |
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| Rome and the Age of Revolution | |
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| Catholicism in America: A Struggle for Respectability | |
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| Anti-Catholic Sentiment in America | |
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| Anti-Catholicism After Independence | |
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| Toward Respectability on the Home Front | |
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| The Spanish in America: Revising the Way We Understand American History | |
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| An American Catholic Hall of Fame--The 'Top Twenty-Five' | |
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| The Church Reacts to The Modern World | |
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| Pius IX--'Pio No-No'--as Pope | |
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| The Fortress Mentality and the American Church | |
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| Isaac Hecker: A Catholic Ahead of His Times | |
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| The Sisters in America: How Could There Have Been a Church Without Them? | |
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| The Path of Protestantism | |
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| After Luther and Calvin | |
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| John Wesley and Methodism | |
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| Protestantism in America | |
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| The Great Awakening | |
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| American Christians and Slavery | |
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| New Churches and New Religions in America | |
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| The Age of Vatican II | |
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| A 'Thaw' Begins | |
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| Popes Who Looked Ahead | |
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| Protestant Innovators | |
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| The Second Vatican Council | |
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| The Road Ahead | |
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| Pierre de Chardin: Was He an Unseen Presence at Vatican II? | |
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| Vatican II's Challenge: 'Church, Grow Up!' | |
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| The Post-Vatican II Church | |
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| The Call for Social Justice | |
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| Sharing Church Authority | |
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| Implications for the Future | |
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| Two Catholics Who Caught the Spirit of Vatican II | |
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| Summing Up: The 'Big Events' of Church History | |
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| Visions and Boundaries | |
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| Visionaries and Boundary-setters | |
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| Equality in the Life of the Church | |
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| Before We Close, a Word of Caution | |
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| Timeline | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |