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Preface to the Third Edition | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Pollutants and Their Fate in Ecosystems | |
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Major Classes of Pollutants | |
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Inorganic Ions | |
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Metals | |
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Anions | |
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Organic Pollutants | |
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Hydrocarbons | |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | |
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Polychlorinated Benzodioxins (PCDDs) | |
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Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) | |
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Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) | |
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Organochlorine Insecticides | |
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Organophosphorous Insecticides (OPs) | |
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Carbamate Insecticides | |
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Pyrethroid Insecticides | |
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Neonicotinoids | |
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Phenoxy Herbicides (Plant-Growth-Regulator Herbicides) | |
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Anticoagulant Rodenticides | |
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Detergents | |
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Chlorophenols | |
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Ethinylestradiol (EE2) | |
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Pharmaceuticals | |
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Organometallic Compounds | |
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Radioactive Isotopes | |
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Introduction | |
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The Nature and Intensity of the Radioactive Decay Products | |
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Half-Lives | |
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Biochemistry | |
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Gaseous Pollutants | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Routes by Which Pollutants Enter Ecosystems | |
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Entry Into Surface Waters | |
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Contamination of Land | |
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Discharge Into the Atmosphere | |
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Quantification of Release of Pollutants | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Long-Range Movements and Global Transport of Pollutants | |
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Factors Determining Movement and Distribution of Pollutants | |
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Polarity and Water Solubility | |
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Partition Coefficients | |
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Vapor Pressure | |
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Partition Between Different Compartments of the Environment | |
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Molecular Stability and Recalcitrant Molecules | |
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Transport in Water | |
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Transport in Air | |
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Models for Environmental Distribution of Chemicals | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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The Fate of Metals and Radioactive Isotopes in Contaminated Ecosystems | |
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Introduction | |
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Localization | |
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Persistence | |
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Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors | |
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Bioavailability | |
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Cocktails of Inorganic Pollutants | |
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Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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Introduction | |
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Metals | |
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Radioactivity | |
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Aquatic Systems | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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The Fate of Organic Pollutants in Individuals and in Ecosystems | |
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Fate Within Individual Organisms | |
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General Model | |
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Processes of Uptake | |
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Processes of Distribution | |
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Storage | |
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Metabolism | |
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Sites of Excretion | |
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Toxicokinetic Models | |
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Toxicokinetic Models for Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation | |
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Organic Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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Fate in Soils | |
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Transfer Along Terrestrial Food Chains | |
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Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems | |
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Pollutants in Sediments | |
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Transfer Along Aquatic Food Chains | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Effects of Pollutants on Individual Organisms | |
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Toxicity Testing | |
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General Principles | |
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Determination of the Toxicity of Mixtures | |
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Toxicity Testing with Terrestrial Organisms | |
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Introduction | |
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Invertebrates | |
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Vertebrates | |
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Plants | |
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Toxicity Testing with Aquatic Organisms | |
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Tests Concerned with Direct Absorption from Water | |
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Sediment Toxicity Tests | |
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Risk Assessment | |
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Toxicity Testing in the Field | |
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Alternative Methods in Ecotoxicity Testing | |
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Alternative Methods for Estimating Toxicity to Vertebrates | |
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Alternative Methods and Strategies That Work to More Ecological End Points | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Biochemical Effects of Pollutants | |
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Introduction | |
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Protective Biochemical Responses | |
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Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity | |
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Examples of Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity | |
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Genotoxic Compounds | |
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Neurotoxic Compounds | |
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Mitochondrial Poisons | |
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Vitamin K Antagonists | |
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Thyroxine Antagonists | |
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Inhibition of ATPases | |
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Environmental Estrogens and Androgens | |
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Reactions with Protein Sulfhydryl (SH) Groups | |
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Photosystems of Plants | |
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Plant-Growth-Regulator Herbicides | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Physiological Effects of Pollutants | |
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Introduction | |
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Effects of Pollutants at the Cellular Level in Animals | |
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Effects at the Organ Level in Animals | |
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Effects at the Whole Organism Level in Animals | |
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Neurophysiological Effects | |
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Effects on Behavior | |
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Reproductive Effects | |
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Effects on Plants | |
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Energy Costs of Physiological Change | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Interactive Effects of Pollutants | |
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Introduction | |
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Additive Effects | |
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Potentiation of Toxicity | |
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Potentiation Due to Inhibition of Detoxication | |
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Potentiation Due to Increased Activation | |
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The Detection of Potentiation in the Field | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Biomarkers | |
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Classification of Biomarkers | |
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Specificity of Biomarkers | |
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Relationship of Biomarkers to Adverse Effects | |
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Discussion of Specific Biomarkers | |
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Inhibition of Esterases | |
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The Monooxygenases | |
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Studies on Genetic Material | |
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Porphyrins and Heme Synthesis | |
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Induction of Vitellogenin | |
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Behavioral Biomarkers | |
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Biomarkers in Plants | |
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Role of Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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In situ Biological Monitoring | |
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Introduction | |
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Community Effects (Type 1 Biomonitoring) | |
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Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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Marine Ecosystems | |
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Bioconcentration of Pollutants (Type 2 Biomonitoring) | |
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Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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Marine Ecosystems | |
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Effects of Pollutants (Type 3 Biomonitoring) | |
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Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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Marine Ecosystems | |
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Genetically Based Resistance to Pollution (Type 4 Biomonitoring) | |
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Conclusions | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Effects of Pollutants on Populations and Communities | |
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Changes in Numbers: Population Dynamics | |
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Population Abundance | |
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Population Growth Rate | |
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Population Growth Rate Depends on the Properties of Individual Organisms | |
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The Life History and Population Growth Rate of the Coastal Copepod Eurytemora affinis | |
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Density Dependence | |
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Identifying Which Factors Are Density Dependent: k-Value Analysis | |
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Interactions Between Species | |
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Field Studies: Three Case Studies | |
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The Decline of the Partridge | |
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Population Studies of Pesticides and Birds of Prey in the UK | |
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The Boxworth Project (An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Pesticides on Farmland) | |
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Modeling the Effects of Insecticides on Skylarks for Risk Assessment Purposes | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Evolution of Resistance to Pollution | |
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Chronic Pollution Is Environmental Change | |
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The Evolutionary Process in a Constant Environment | |
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The Evolution of Resistance When There Is a Mortality-Production Trade-Off | |
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Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Change | |
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Resistance Is Often Monogenic | |
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Case Studies | |
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Evolution of Pesticide Resistance | |
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Evolution of Metal Tolerance in Plants | |
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Evolution of Industrial Melanism | |
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Evolutionary Response of Dog Whelks, Nucella lapillus, to TBT Contamination | |
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Evolution of Resistance to Pollution in Estuaries | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Changes in Communities and Ecosystems | |
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Introduction | |
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Changes in Soil Processes: The Functional Approach | |
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Changes in Composition of Communities: The Structural Approach | |
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Changes in Soil Ecosystems | |
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Acidification of Lakes and Rivers | |
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Mesocosms | |
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Global Processes | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Extrapolating from Molecular Interactions to Consequent Effects at the Population Level | |
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Introduction | |
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The Translation of Toxic Effects Across Organizational Boundaries | |
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From Effects at the Site of Action to Localized Cellular Disturbances | |
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From Cellular Disturbances to Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism | |
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From Effects Upon the Whole Organism to Population Effects | |
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The Complete Causal Chain | |
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Biomarker Strategies | |
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Establishing Causality Where Pollution Already Exists | |
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Biomarker Strategies in the Field | |
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The Problem of Controls | |
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Selection of Biomarkers for Field Studies | |
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Biomarkers and Environmental Risk Assessment | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Biomarkers in Population Studies | |
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DDE-Induced Eggshell Thinning in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds | |
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Reproductive Failure of Fish-Eating Birds on the Great Lakes of North America | |
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Reproductive Failure of Molluscs Caused by Tributyl Tin | |
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Forest Spraying in Eastern Canada to Control Spruce Budworm | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Introduction to Population Projection Matrices | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |