| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
History and Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Structures Fail | |
| |
| |
| |
Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Fracture Research | |
| |
| |
| |
The Liberty Ships | |
| |
| |
| |
Post-War Fracture Mechanics Research | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Mechanics from 1960 to 1980 | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Mechanics from 1980 to the Present | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Energy Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Stress-Intensity Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Material Properties on Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
A Brief Review of Dimensional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
The Buckingham II-Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Dimensional Analysis in Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
An Atomic View of Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Concentration Effect of Flaws | |
| |
| |
| |
The Griffith Energy Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison with the Critical Stress Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
Modified Griffith Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
Instability and the R Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Reasons for the R Curve Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
Load Control vs. Displacement Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Structures with Finite Compliance | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Analysis of Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
The Stress Intensity Factor | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship between K and Global Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Finite Size | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Superposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Weight Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship between K and G | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip Plasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Irwin Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
The Strip-Yield Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Plastic Zone Corrections | |
| |
| |
| |
Plastic Zone Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
K-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Plane Strain Fracture: Fact vs. Fiction | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip Triaxiality | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Thickness on Apparent Fracture Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
Plastic Zone Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Implications for Cracks in Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Mixed-Mode Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Propagation of an Angled Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
Equivalent Mode I Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
Biaxial Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
Interaction of Multiple Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Coplanar Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Mathematical Foundations of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Plane Elasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
Cartesian Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| |
Polar Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Growth Instability Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip Stress Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Generalized In-Plane Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Westergaard Stress Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Elliptical Integral of the Second Kind | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip-Opening Displacement | |
| |
| |
| |
The J Contour Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonlinear Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
J as a Path-Independent Line Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
J as a Stress Intensity Parameter | |
| |
| |
| |
The Large Strain Zone | |
| |
| |
| |
Laboratory Measurement of J | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationships Between J and CTOD | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Growth Resistance Curves | |
| |
| |
| |
Stable and Unstable Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Computing J for a Growing Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
J-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Stationary Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
J-Controlled Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip Constraint Under Large-Scale Yielding | |
| |
| |
| |
The Elastic T Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
J-Q Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
The J-Q Toughness Locus | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Failure Mechanism on the J-Q Locus | |
| |
| |
| |
Scaling Model for Cleavage Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Failure Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
Three-Dimensional Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Application of the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Limitations of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Mathematical Foundations of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Determining CTOD from the Strip-Yield Model | |
| |
| |
| |
The J Contour Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
J as a Nonlinear Elastic Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
The HRR Singularity | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Stable Crack Growth in Small-Scale Yielding | |
| |
| |
| |
The Rice-Drugan-Sham Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Steady State Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on the Applicability of Deformation Plasticity to Crack Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic and Time-Dependent Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic Fracture and Crack Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
Rapid Loading of a Stationary Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
Rapid Crack Propagation and Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Speed | |
| |
| |
| |
Elastodynamic Crack-Tip Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic Contour Integrals | |
| |
| |
| |
Creep Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
The C* Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
Short-Time vs. Long-Time Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
The C[subscript t] Parameter | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary Creep | |
| |
| |
| |
Viscoelastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Viscoelasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Viscoelastic J Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
Constitutive Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
Correspondence Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
Generalized J Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Initiation and Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic Fracture Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Elastodynamic Crack Tip Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
Derivation of the Generalized Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Material Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Mechanisms in Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
Ductile Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Void Nucleation | |
| |
| |
| |
Void Growth and Coalescence | |
| |
| |
| |
Ductile Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Cleavage | |
| |
| |
| |
Fractography | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ductile-Brittle Transition | |
| |
| |
| |
Intergranular Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Weakest Link Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Incorporating a Conditional Probability of Propagation | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure and Properties of Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
Viscoelastic Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanical Analogs | |
| |
| |
| |
Yielding and Fracture in Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
Chain Scission and Disentanglement | |
| |
| |
| |
Shear Yielding and Crazing | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack-Tip Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Rubber Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Fiber-Reinforced Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Failure Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Delamination | |
| |
| |
| |
Compressive Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Notch Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue Damage | |
| |
| |
| |
Ceramics and Ceramic Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
Microcrack Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformation Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
Ductile Phase Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
Fiber and Whisker Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
Concrete and Rock | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Specimen Configurations | |
| |
| |
| |
Specimen Orientation | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue Precracking | |
| |
| |
| |
Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
Side Grooving | |
| |
| |
| |
K[subscript Ic] Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
ASTM E 399 | |
| |
| |
| |
Shortcomings of E 399 and Similar Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
K-R Curve Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Specimen Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental Measurement of K-R Curves | |
| |
| |
| |
J Testing of Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
The Basic Test Procedure and J[subscript Ic] Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
J-R Curve Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Critical J Values for Unstable Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
CTOD Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamic and Crack-Arrest Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
K[subscript Ia] Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Testing of Weldments | |
| |
| |
| |
Specimen Design and Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
Notch Location and Orientation | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue Precracking | |
| |
| |
| |
Posttest Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region | |
| |
| |
| |
Qualitative Toughness Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Charpy and Izod Impact Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Drop Weight Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions for Laboratory Specimens | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Testing of Nonmetals | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
The Suitability of K and J for Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
K-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
J-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
Precracking and Other Practical Matters | |
| |
| |
| |
K[subscript Ic] Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
J Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
Interlaminar Toughness of Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| |
Chevron-Notched Specimens | |
| |
| |
| |
Bend Specimens Precracked by Bridge Indentation | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Application to Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
K[subscript 1] for Part-Through Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Influence Coefficients for Polynomial Stress Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Weight Functions for Arbitrary Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary, Secondary, and Residual Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
A Warning about LEFM | |
| |
| |
| |
The CTOD Design Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
The EPRI J-Estimation Procedure | |
| |
| |
| |
Theoretical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison with Experimental J Estimates | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reference Stress Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Ductile Instability Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Failure Assessment Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
Original Concept | |
| |
| |
| |
J-Based FAD | |
| |
| |
| |
Approximations of the FAD Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimating the Reference Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
Application to Welded Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Incorporating Weld Residual Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
Weld Misalignment | |
| |
| |
| |
Weld Strength Mismatch | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary vs. Secondary Stresses in the FAD Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Ductile-Tearing Analysis with the FAD | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardized FAD-Based Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Intensity and Fully Plastic J Solutions for Selected Configurations | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue Crack Propagation | |
| |
| |
| |
Similitude in Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Empirical Fatigue Crack Growth Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Closure | |
| |
| |
| |
A Closer Look at Crack-Wedging Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Loading Variables on Closure | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fatigue Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
The Closure Model for the Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
A Two-Criterion Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Threshold Behavior in Inert Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable Amplitude Loading and Retardation | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Damage Model for Variable Amplitude Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Reverse Plasticity at the Crack Tip | |
| |
| |
| |
The Effect of Overloads and Underloads | |
| |
| |
| |
Models for Retardation and Variable Amplitude Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Growth of Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Microstructurally Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanically Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Micromechanisms of Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue in Region II | |
| |
| |
| |
Micromechanisms Near the Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue at High [Delta]K Values | |
| |
| |
| |
Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
Closure Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
A Proposed Experimental Definition of [Delta]K[subscript eff] | |
| |
| |
| |
Damage Tolerance Methodology | |
| |
| |
| |
Application of The J Contour Integral to Cyclic Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition of [Delta]J | |
| |
| |
| |
Path Independence of [Delta]J | |
| |
| |
| |
Small-Scale Yielding Limit | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
Corrosion Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrochemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Corrosion Current and Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrode Potential and Passivity | |
| |
| |
| |
Cathodic Protection | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| |
Environmental Cracking Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
Terminology and Classification of Cracking Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Occluded Chemistry of Cracks, Pits, and Crevices | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Growth Rate vs. Applied Stress Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Threshold for EAC | |
| |
| |
| |
Small Crack Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Static, Cyclic, and Fluctuating Loads | |
| |
| |
| |
Cracking Morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
Life Prediction | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Corrosion Cracking | |
| |
| |
| |
The Film Rupture Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Crack Growth Rate in Stage II | |
| |
| |
| |
Metallurgical Variables that Influence SCC | |
| |
| |
| |
Corrosion Product Wedging | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen Embrittlement | |
| |
| |
| |
Cracking Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Variables that Affect Cracking Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Loading Rate and Load History | |
| |
| |
| |
Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
Amount of Available Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
Corrosion Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Dependent and Cycle-Dependent Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Typical Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Film Rupture Models | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement | |
| |
| |
| |
Surface Films | |
| |
| |
| |
The Effect of Corrosion Product Wedging on Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests on Smooth Specimens | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracture Mechanics Test Methods | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Computational Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Numerical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
The Finite Element Method | |
| |
| |
| |
The Boundary Integral Equation Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Methods in Computational Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress and Displacement Matching | |
| |
| |
| |
Elemental Crack Advance | |
| |
| |
| |
Contour Integration | |
| |
| |
| |
Virtual Crack Extension: Stiffness Derivative Formulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Virtual Crack Extension: Continuum Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
The Energy Domain Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
Theoretical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
Generalization to Three Dimensions | |
| |
| |
| |
Finite Element Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mesh Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Elastic Convergence Study | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Growing Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
Properties of Singularity Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
Quadrilateral Element | |
| |
| |
| |
Triangular Element | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 1 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 4 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 5 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 6 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 7 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 8 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 9 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 10 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 11 | |
| |
| |
| |
Chapter 12 | |
| |
| |
Index | |