| Acknowledgments | |
| A Note on Conventions | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Japanese Westernization in the Nineteenth Century | p. 8 |
| The Historiography of Bunmeikaika | p. 15 |
| The Problem of Semantic Transparency | p. 18 |
| The Historicity of Concepts in Translation | p. 25 |
| The Project of Enlightened Civilization | p. 31 |
| Bunmeikaika: Enlightened Civilization | p. 33 |
| An Aside: "Civilization and Enlightenment" | p. 38 |
| Enlightened Civilization and the Duty of Scholars | p. 40 |
| Civilization and Language | p. 45 |
| The Debate over Chinese Learning | p. 50 |
| Civilization and Moral Character | p. 55 |
| Translation Techniques and Language Transformations | p. 61 |
| Authenticity and Accessibility | p. 67 |
| Analogs and Their Resolution | p. 76 |
| Translation Words and Loanwords | p. 82 |
| Creating Uniformity: Standardization and Formalizations | p. 89 |
| Constructing Liberty | p. 94 |
| Autonomy and Personal Discretion | p. 97 |
| Independence and Selfishness | p. 101 |
| Religious Liberty: Personal Faith and Collective Worship | p. 107 |
| Liberty of the Press: Natural Progress and Temporary Panic | p. 114 |
| Differentiating Right and Sovereignty | p. 122 |
| Translating Western Law and Political Institutions | p. 124 |
| Minken: People's Rights and the People's Right | p. 129 |
| The Newspaper Debate on Sovereignty | p. 138 |
| Fakuzawa Yukichi on State Right | p. 146 |
| Representing the People, Imagining Society | p. 153 |
| Tokugawa Social Status: The Four Divisions of the People | p. 155 |
| Bourgeois and Samurai Self-Representations as Society | p. 158 |
| Representing the People in the Movement for a National Assembly | p. 164 |
| "Society" in Herbert Spencer's Evolutionary Theory of Progress | p. 171 |
| Conclusion | p. 183 |
| Notes | p. 189 |
| Glossary of Translation Words | p. 249 |
| Bibliography | p. 253 |
| Index | p. 281 |
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