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Author's Preface (1958) | |
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A Dialogic Introduction by Traian Stoianovich (1999) | |
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Note on Spelling and Place Names | |
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Introduction | |
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The Land and the People | |
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Location | |
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Terrain | |
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Rivers and Routes | |
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Climate and Resources | |
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People | |
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Balkan and Western Ethnography | |
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Nongeographic Forces | |
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Historical Background | |
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Greek Period | |
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Macedon Dominates the Balkans | |
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Rome Unites the Balkans | |
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Rome to Byzantium | |
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Coming of the Slavs | |
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Medieval Balkan Empires | |
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Eve of the Turkish Conquest | |
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Byzantium in Retrospect | |
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Age of Ottoman Ascendancy: To 1566 | |
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Coming of the Ottoman Turks: to 1402 | |
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Pre-Ottoman Turks | |
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Osman: Founder of the Ottoman Empire | |
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Bases of Ottoman Power | |
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Orkhan Prepares for Conquest | |
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State of Christendom | |
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Crossing to Europe | |
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Murad Defeats the South Slavs | |
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Bayezid the Thunderbolt | |
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Nicopolis Crusade | |
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Timur the Lame | |
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Conquest of the Balkans: 1403-1481 | |
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Ottoman Recovery | |
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Murad II | |
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Varna Crusade | |
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Mohammed's Preparations | |
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Fall of Constantinople | |
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Aftermath | |
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Mohammed Subjugates the Balkans | |
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War with Venice | |
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Ottoman Empire at Its Height: 1481-1566 | |
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Bayezid II | |
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Selim I and the Trade Routes | |
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Suleiman the Magnificent | |
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Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe | |
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Victory at Mohacs | |
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Defeat at Vienna | |
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Truce on the Danube | |
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Persian and Mediterranean Expeditions | |
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Ottoman Institutions | |
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Lands and Peoples | |
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Sultan and Slaves | |
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Recruiting and Training of Slaves | |
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Armed Forces and Administration | |
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The Moslem Institution | |
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The Divan | |
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Status of Non-Moslems | |
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Ottoman Culture | |
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The Osmanli and the Turk | |
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Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman Rule | |
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Migrations of Peoples | |
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Administration | |
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Autonomous Regions | |
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Patriarchate | |
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Balkan Christianity | |
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Folk Culture | |
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Ecclesiastical Culture | |
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"Pax Ottomanica" | |
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Age of Ottoman Decline: 1566-1815 | |
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire | |
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Degeneration of the Dynasty | |
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Corruption of the Administration | |
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Disintegration of the Armed Forces | |
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Ruling Oligarchy | |
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Economic Subservience to the West | |
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Ottoman and Western Military Developments | |
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Ottoman and Western Political Evolution | |
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Western Science and Ottoman "Eyes of Oxen" | |
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Plague Epidemics | |
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Ottoman Decline in Retrospect | |
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Balkan Peninsula during Ottoman Decline | |
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Territorial Changes | |
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Timar to Chiflik | |
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Growth of Commerce and Industry | |
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Political Developments | |
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Passing of the Theocratic Age | |
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Role of the Orthodox Church | |
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Defeat by Austria: Recession to the Danube: 1566-1699 | |
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Selim II: 1566-1574 | |
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Rule of the Sultanas | |
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War on the Danube | |
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Murad IV: 1623-1640 | |
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Decline Continues: 1640-1656 | |
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Kiuprili Vizirs: 1656-1676 | |
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Russia and the Ukraine | |
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Siege of Vienna: 1683 | |
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War of the Holy League: 1683-1699 | |
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Treaty of Karlowitz: 1699 | |
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Defeat by Russia: Recession to the Dniester: 1699-1792 | |
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Defeat of Peter the Great | |
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Reconquest of the Peloponnesus | |
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War with Austria (Passarowitz Treaty: 1718) | |
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War with Austria and Russia (Belgrade Treaty: 1739) | |
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Three Decades of Peace: 1739-1768 | |
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Catherine's First Turkish War: 1768-1774 | |
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Catherine's Second Turkish War: 1787-1792 | |
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Treaty of Sistova: 1791 | |
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Treaty of Jassy: 1792 | |
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Jassy and the Balkans | |
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The Balkans, the French Revolution, and Napoleon: 1792-1815 | |
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French Rule in the Ionian Islands | |
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Napoleon Invades Egypt: Balkan Repercussions | |
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Selim Joins Napoleon: Balkan Repercussions | |
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French in Dalmatia | |
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Tilsit, Bucharest, Vienna | |
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Balkan Aftermath | |
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Age of Nationalism: 1815-1878 | |
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Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1815-1878 | |
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Continued Ottoman Decline | |
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Revolutionary Balkan Nationalism | |
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Intervention by the Great Powers | |
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The Serbian Revolution and the South Slavs to 1878 | |
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South Slavs under Foreign Rule (Slovenia, Croatia, Voivodina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia) | |
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Belgrade Pashalik under Turkish Rule | |
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Intellectual Awakening | |
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Roots of Revolt | |
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Course of the Revolt: 1804-1813 | |
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Winning of Autonomy: 1813-1830 | |
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Serbia under Milosh | |
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Alexander Karageorge: 1842-1858 | |
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The Obrenoviches to 1878 | |
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Economic Development to 1878 | |
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Hapsburg Slavs to 1878 | |
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Greek Revolution and Independent Statehood to 1878 | |
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Greek Imperial World | |
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Greek Peasant World | |
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Economic Revival | |
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National Awakening | |
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Eve of Revolt | |
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Revolution and Stalemate: 1821-1824 | |
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Foreign Intervention to Navarino: 1825-1827 | |
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Navarino to Independence | |
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Political Developments to 1878 | |
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Economic Developments to 1878 | |
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Ottoman Reform and Near Eastern Crises: 1831-1852 | |
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Mahmud and the Janissaries | |
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Near Eastern Crisis: 1831-1833 | |
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Near Eastern Crisis: 1839-1841 | |
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Reshid and the Reform Movement: 1839-1852 | |
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Crimean War: 1853-1856 | |
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Strategic and Commercial Background | |
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Diplomatic Preliminaries | |
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Holy Places Dispute | |
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Steps to War | |
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War | |
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Treaty of Paris | |
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Balkan and European Repercussions | |
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Making of Rumania to 1878 | |
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Historical Background | |
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Peasant Problem | |
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Rise of Nationalism | |
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Winning of Unity: 1856-1859 | |
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Economic Developments to 1878 | |
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Political Developments to 1878 | |
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Transylvania, Bukovina, and Bessarabia to 1878 | |
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Bulgarian Awakening to 1878 | |
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Turkish Rule | |
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Greek Prelates | |
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Regenerative Forces | |
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Cultural Awakening | |
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Bulgarian Exarchate | |
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Revolutionary Movement | |
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Reform and Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1877 | |
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Nature of Reform Problem and of Balkan Politics | |
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Failure of Reform in the Balkans | |
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Revolution and Reaction in the Empire | |
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Balkan Crisis and the Treaty of Berlin: 1878 | |
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European Background: Three Emperors' League | |
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Balkan Background: First Balkan Alliance System | |
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Revolt in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
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Failure of Mediation | |
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War in the Balkans | |
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Constantinople Conference | |
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Russo-Turkish War | |
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Treaty of San Stefano | |
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Treaty of Berlin | |
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Age of Imperialism and Capitalism: 1878-1914 | |
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Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1878-1914 | |
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The New Imperialism | |
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The New Capitalism | |
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Making of Bulgaria: 1878-1914 | |
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Dynamics of Bulgarian Politics | |
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Russia Fails in Bulgaria: 1878-1885 | |
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Unification of Bulgaria: 1885-1886 | |
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Abdication of Alexander: 1886 | |
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Ferdinand and Stambulov: 1887-1894 | |
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Bulgaria under Ferdinand: 1894-1914 | |
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Economic Development to 1914 | |
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Serbia and the South Slavs: 1878-1914 | |
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Austria's Tunis | |
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The Last Obrenovich | |
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Revolution and Revival | |
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Economic Development | |
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Hapsburg Slavs | |
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Greece: 1878-1914 | |
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Pursuit of Irredentism | |
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Crisis at Home | |
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Recovery under Venizelos | |
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Economic Developments | |
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Rumania: 1878-1914 | |
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Aftermath of 1878: The 1883 Secret Alliance | |
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Political Evolution | |
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The Peasant Revolt | |
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Economic Development | |
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Irredentism and Foreign Policy | |
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Albanian Awakening to 1914 | |
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Albania under the Turks | |
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Albanian League | |
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National Awakening | |
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Struggle for Autonomy | |
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William of Wied | |
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Diplomatic Developments: 1878-1914 | |
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Aftermath of the Berlin Congress | |
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Macedonian Problem | |
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Macedonia, the Balkan States, and the Great Powers | |
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Young Turk Revolt | |
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Bosnian Crisis | |
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Balkan League | |
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First Balkan War | |
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Second Balkan War | |
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On the Eve | |
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Age of War and Crisis: 1914-- | |
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Sarajevo and War: 1914-1918 | |
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The Murder | |
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The Conspiracy | |
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War | |
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Serbia's Triumph | |
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Dardanelles and Gallipoli | |
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Bulgaria's Intervention | |
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Occupation of Serbia | |
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Rumanian Intervention | |
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Greek Intervention | |
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Allied Victory | |
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Peace Settlement: 1918-1923 | |
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The Old Order Passes | |
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Saint Germain Treaty | |
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Trianon Treaty | |
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Neuilly Treaty | |
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Sevres Treaty | |
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Turkish Revival | |
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Greek Crisis | |
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Greco-Turkish War | |
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Lausanne Treaty | |
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The New Balkans | |
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The Dynamics of Balkan Politics: 1918-1939 | |
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Economic Trends (Land Distribution, Population Pressure, Low Productivity, External Pressures, Role of Governments, Failure of Industrialization, German Domination, Conclusion) | |
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Social and Cultural Trends (Variations, Food and Housing, Health, Emigration, Education, State Administration) | |
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Political Trends (Pattern, Agrarianism, Dictatorships, Communism) | |
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Yugoslavia: 1918-1939 | |
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Seeds of Disunity: Centralism versus Federalism | |
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Land Reform | |
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Triumph of Centralism: 1921 Constitution | |
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Political Pattern | |
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Political Deadlock: 1921-1928 | |
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Alexander's Dictatorship: 1929-1934 | |
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Regency: 1934-1941 | |
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Eve of War | |
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Economic Development | |
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Social and Cultural Development | |
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Bulgaria: 1918-1939 | |
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Stambuliski's Regime: 1918-1923 | |
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1923 Coup | |
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Reaction: 1923-1934 | |
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Military and Royal Dictatorship: 1934-1939 | |
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Economic Development | |
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Social and Cultural Development | |
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Greece: 1918-1939 | |
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Republic Established: 1923-1928 | |
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Venizelist Rule: 1928-1933 | |
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Fall of the Republic: 1933-1935 | |
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Monarchy to Dictatorship: 1935-1936 | |
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Metaxas Dictatorship: 1936-1941 | |
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Economic Development | |
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Social and Cultural Development | |
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Rumania: 1918-1939 | |
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Land Reform: 1918-1921 | |
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Liberal Rule: 1922-1928 | |
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Peasant Rule: 1928-1930 | |
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Carol's Triumph: 1930-1938 | |
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Royal Dictatorship: 1938-1940 | |
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Economic Development | |
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Social and Cultural Development | |
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Albania: 1918-1939 | |
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Occupation: 1914-1918 | |
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Independence Regained: 1918-1920 | |
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Problems of Independence | |
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Political Instability: 1920-1924 | |
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President Zog: 1925-1928 | |
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King Zog: 1928-1939 | |
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Italian Occupation | |
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Economic Development | |
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Social and Cultural Development | |
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Diplomatic Developments: 1918-1941 | |
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French Alliance System: 1920-1927 | |
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Italian Alliance System: 1926-1930 | |
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Balkan Conferences: 1930-1933 | |
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Balkan Entente: 1934 | |
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Balkan Entente Undermined: 1934-1937 | |
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German Ascendancy: 1938-1939 | |
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Balkan Entente Destroyed: 1939-1940 | |
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Hitler's Fateful Decision: July 31, 1940 | |
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Italian-Greek War: 1940-1941 | |
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Operations Marita and Barbarossa: December, 1940 | |
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Hitler Intervenes: April 6, 1941 | |
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Swastika over the Balkans | |
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Occupation, Resistance, and Liberation: 1941-1945 | |
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Pattern of Occupation and Resistance | |
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Satellite Rumania | |
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Satellite Bulgaria | |
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Occupied Yugoslavia (Partition, First Resistance, Tito's Partisans, Mihailovich's Chetniks, Tito's Triumph, Partisan Administration) | |
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Occupied Greece (Occupation and Partition, National Liberation Front [EAM], Nationalist Bands, Resistance Struggle, EAM Administration) | |
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Occupied Albania | |
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The New Spirit | |
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Hidden War, Cold War, and Peace Settlement in 1947 | |
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British Agents and Balkan Guerrillas | |
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"The Brute Issues" | |
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Anglo-Russian Division of the Balkans: Summer, 1944 | |
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Red Army in Rumania and Bulgaria: Fall 1944 | |
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British Diplomacy in Yugoslavia and Greece: Fall, 1940 | |
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Division of the Balkans Confirmed: October, 1944 | |
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Crisis in Greece: November-December, 1944 | |
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Battle of Athens: December, 1944-January, 1945 | |
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Yalta | |
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Yalta Violated | |
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Peace Settlement | |
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Epilogue | |
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Notes | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |