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| Preface to the Fourth Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Theoretical Considerations | |
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| Race as a Modern Idea | |
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| Ideas, Ideologies, and Worldviews | |
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| The Social Reality of Race in America | |
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| On the Relationship Between Biology and Race | |
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| The Primordialists' Argument | |
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| Race as a Worldview: A Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Race and Ethnicity: Biology and Culture | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Etymology of the Term Race in the English Language | |
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| Notes | |
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| Antecedents of the Racial Worldview | |
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| The Age of European Exploration | |
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| The Rise of Capitalism and the Transformation of English Society | |
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| Social Organization and Values of Early Capitalism | |
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| English Ethnocentrism and the Idea of the Savage | |
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| English Nationalism and Social Values in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | |
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| Hereditary Social Identity: The Lesson of Catholic Spain | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Growth of the English Ideology About Human Differences in America | |
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| Earliest Contacts | |
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| The Ensuing Conflicts | |
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| The Backing of God and Other Justifications for Conquest | |
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| The New Savages | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Arrival of Africans and Descent into Slavery | |
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| The First Africans | |
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| The Descent into Permanent Slavery | |
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| Was There Race Before Slavery? | |
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| Why the Preference for Africans? | |
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| The Problem of Labor | |
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| A Focus on Physical Differences and the Invention of Social Meanings | |
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| Notes | |
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| Comparing Slave Systems: The Significance of �Racial� Servitude | |
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| The Background Literature and the Issues of Slavery | |
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| The Nature of Slavery | |
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| A Brief History of Old World Slavery | |
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| Colonial Slavery Under the Spanish and Portuguese | |
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| Uniqueness of the English Experience of Slavery | |
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| The Significance of Slavery in the Creation of Race Ideology | |
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| Notes | |
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| Eighteenth-Century Thought and the Crystallization of the Ideology of Race | |
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| Social Values of the American Colonists | |
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| Nature's Hierarchy | |
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| Dominant Themes in North American Racial Beliefs | |
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| Anglo-Saxonism: The Making of a Biological Myth | |
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| And the American Dilemma | |
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| Notes | |
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| Antislavery and the Entrenchment of a Racial Worldview | |
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| A Brief History of Antislavery Thought | |
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| The Proslavery Response | |
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| The Sociocultural Realities of Race and Slavery | |
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| The Priority of Race over Class | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Rise of Science and Scientific Racism | |
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| Early Classifications of Humankind | |
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| The Impact of Eighteenth-Century Classifications | |
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| Notes | |
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| Growth of the Racial Worldview in Nineteenth-Century America | |
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| Polygeny vs. Monogeny: The Debate over Race and Species | |
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| The Unnatural Mixture | |
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| Scientific Race Ideology in the Judicial System | |
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| White Supremacy | |
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| Immigrants and the Extension of the Race Hierarchy | |
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| Notes | |
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| Science and the Expansion of Race Ideology Beyond the United States | |
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| The Continuing Power of Polygenist Thinking | |
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| European Contributions to the Ideology of Race | |
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| Herbert Spencer and the Rise of Social Darwinism | |
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| The Measurement of Human Differences: Anthropometry | |
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| Typological Models of Races | |
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| The Measurement of Human Differences: Psychometrics | |
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| Extension of Race Ideology Overseas | |
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| Notes | |
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| Twentieth-Century Developments in Race Ideology | |
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| Social Realities of the Racial Worldview | |
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| Psychometrics: The Measuring of Human Worth by IQ | |
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| The Eugenics Movement | |
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| The Racial World of the Nazis | |
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| The Continuing Influence of Racial Ideology in Science | |
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| Notes | |
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| Changing Perspectives on Human Variation in Science | |
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| The Decline of the Idea of Race as Biology in Science | |
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| Physical Anthropology and Attempts to Transform the Meaning of Race | |
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| Population Genetics | |
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| Is There a Genetic Basis for Race? | |
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| The Ecological Perspective: Human Variations as Products of Adaptation | |
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| The Genetic Conception of Human Variation | |
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| Monogeny Reconsidered: The Nonproblem of Race Mixture | |
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| Notes | |
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| Dismantling the Folk Idea of Race: Transformations of an Ideology | |
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| The Meaning and Legacy of Race as Identity | |
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| The Quest for a Mixed-Race Census Category | |
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| Barack Obama and the Meaning of Race | |
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| The Future of the Racial Worldview | |
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| The Persistence of Racial Thinking | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Health and Other Consequences of the Racial Worldview | |
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| The Extent of Racial Health Disparities in the United States | |
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| The Causes of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in the United States | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |