| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
Introducing Linguistic Anthropology | |
| |
| |
Why Should We Study Language? Language in Daily Life | |
| |
| |
Modern Myths Concerning Languages | |
| |
| |
Brief History of Anthropology | |
| |
| |
Anthropology, Linguistics, and Linguistic Anthropology | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Methods of Linguistic Anthropology | |
| |
| |
Contrasting Linguistics with Linguistic Anthropology | |
| |
| |
The Fieldwork Component | |
| |
| |
A Checklist for Research in the Field | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Language Is Sound: Phonology | |
| |
| |
The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech | |
| |
| |
Articulation of Speech Sounds | |
| |
| |
From Phones to Phonemes | |
| |
| |
Phonemes of English | |
| |
| |
Prosodic Features | |
| |
| |
Etics and Ernics | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure of Words and Sentences | |
| |
| |
Morphemes and Allomorphs | |
| |
| |
Morphological Processes | |
| |
| |
Morphophonemics | |
| |
| |
The Sentence as a Unit of Analysis | |
| |
| |
Inflections and Word Order | |
| |
| |
Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonverbal Communication | |
| |
| |
Paralinguistics | |
| |
| |
Kinesics | |
| |
| |
Proxemios | |
| |
| |
Whistle "Languages," | |
| |
| |
Sign Languages | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Development and Evolution of Language | |
| |
| |
Communication and Its Channels | |
| |
| |
Communication Among Social Insects | |
| |
| |
Communication Among Nonhuman Primates and Other Vertebrates | |
| |
| |
When Does a Communication System Become Language? | |
| |
| |
Milestones in Human Evolution | |
| |
| |
Design Features of Language | |
| |
| |
Language as an Evolutionary Product | |
| |
| |
Monogenesis Versus Polygenesis | |
| |
| |
Estimating the Age of Language: Linguistic Considerations | |
| |
| |
Estimating the Age of Language: The View from Prehistory | |
| |
| |
Estimating the Age of Language: Evidence from Anatomy | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Acquiring Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More | |
| |
| |
The First Steps of Language Acquisition in Childhood | |
| |
| |
Theories of Language Acquisition | |
| |
| |
Language and the Brain | |
| |
| |
Bilingual and Multilingual Brains | |
| |
| |
The Social Aspects of Multilingualism | |
| |
| |
Code-Switchingj Code-Mixing, and Diglossia | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Language Through Time | |
| |
| |
How Languages Are Classified | |
| |
| |
Internal and External Changes | |
| |
| |
How and Why Sound Changes Occur | |
| |
| |
Reconstructing Frotolanguages | |
| |
| |
Reconstructing the Ancestral Homeland | |
| |
| |
Reconstructing a Protoculture | |
| |
| |
Trying to Date the Past: Glottochronology | |
| |
| |
Time Perspective in Culture | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact | |
| |
| |
Idiolects | |
| |
| |
Dialects | |
| |
| |
Styles | |
| |
| |
Language Contact | |
| |
| |
Pidgins | |
| |
| |
From Pidgins to Creoles | |
| |
| |
Language Contact in the Contemporary World | |
| |
| |
The World of Languages | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Ethnography of Communication | |
| |
| |
Speech Community and Related Concepts | |
| |
| |
Units of Speech Behavior | |
| |
| |
Components of Communication | |
| |
| |
Subanun Drinking Talk | |
| |
| |
Attitudes Toward the Use of Speech | |
| |
| |
Recent Trends in the Ethnography of Speaking | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Culture as Cognition, Culture as Categorization: Meaning and Language in the Conceptual World | |
| |
| |
Concepts, Words, and Categories | |
| |
| |
The Lexical Nature of Concepts | |
| |
| |
The Rise and (Relative) Fall of Ethnoscience | |
| |
| |
Sound Symbolism and Synesthesia | |
| |
| |
Studies of Discourse | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Language, Culture, and Thought | |
| |
| |
The Stimulus of Sapir's Writings | |
| |
| |
The Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism | |
| |
| |
Whorf s Hypothesis Reconsidered | |
| |
| |
Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity | |
| |
| |
Future Tests of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Language and Ideology: Variations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality | |
| |
| |
Language, Social Class, and Identity | |
| |
| |
Language and Gender | |
| |
| |
Language, "Race," and Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
Language and Nationality | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World | |
| |
| |
Language Planning | |
| |
| |
Literacy, Writing, and Education | |
| |
| |
The Life and Death of Languages | |
| |
| |
Intercultural Communication and Translation | |
| |
| |
Language and the Law | |
| |
| |
English as an International Language | |
| |
| |
Always On: New Literacies and Language in an Online Global World | |
| |
| |
Ethical Questions and Standards of Conduct | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Resource Manual and Study Guide | |
| |
| |
Answers to the Objective Study Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Languages Mentioned in the Text and Their Locations (Map) | |
| |
| |
Index | |