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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Assimilating Human Rights in the Middle East | |
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| Background: Legal Hybridity in the Middle East | |
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| Misperceptions About Applying International Human Rights Law as Serving Imperialism | |
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| Cultural Relativism | |
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| Muslims Challenge Cultural Relativism | |
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| Actual Human Rights Concerns in the Middle East | |
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| The Emergence of International Human Rights Law | |
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| Muslims' Responses to and Involvement in the UN Human Rights System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Human Rights in International and Middle Eastern Systems: Sources and Contexts | |
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| International Human Rights: Background | |
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| Islamic Human Rights: Sources | |
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| The Impact of Islamization on Constitutions and Justice | |
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| The Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan and Its Aftermath | |
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| Saudi Arabia Confronts Pressures for Reforms and Liberalization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Islamic Tradition and Muslim Reactions to Human Rights | |
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| The Premodern Islamic Heritage | |
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| Muslim Reactions to Western Constitutionalism | |
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| The Persistence of Traditional Priorities and Values | |
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| Consequences of Insecure Philosophical Foundations | |
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| Islamic Human Rights and Cultural Nationalism | |
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| Ambivalent Attitudes on Human Rights | |
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| Summary | |
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| Islamic Restrictions on Human Rights | |
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| Permissible Qualifications of Rights in International Law | |
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| Islamic Formulas Limiting Rights | |
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| Restrictions in the Iranian Constitution | |
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| Restrictions in the UIDHR | |
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| Restrictions in Other Islamic Human Rights Schemes | |
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| Islam and Human Rights in the New Constitutions of Afghanistan and Iraq | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discrimination Against Women and Non-Muslims | |
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| Equality in the Islamic Legal Tradition | |
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| Equality in Islamic Human Rights Schemes | |
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| Equal Protection in US and International Law | |
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| Equal Protection in Islamic Human Rights Schemes | |
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| Equality in the New Afghan and Iraqi Constitutions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Restrictions on the Rights of Women | |
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| Background | |
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| Islamic Law and Women's Rights | |
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| Muslim Countries' Reactions to the Women's Convention | |
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| Tabandeh's Ideas | |
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| Mawdudi's Ideas | |
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| The UIDHR | |
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| Islamization in Iran and the Iranian Constitution | |
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| The al-Azhar Draft Constitution | |
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| The Cairo Declaration and the Saudi Basic Law | |
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| Women's Rights in Pakistan | |
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| The New Afghan and Iraqi Constitutions | |
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| The Influence of Sex Stereotyping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Islamic Human Rights Schemes and Religious Minorities | |
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| The Historical Background of Current Issues Facing Religious Minorities | |
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| International Standards Prohibiting Religious Discrimination | |
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| Shari'a Law and the Rights of Non-Muslims | |
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| Tabandeh's Ideas | |
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| The UIDHR | |
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| The Iranian Constitution | |
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| Mawdudi and Pakistan's Ahmadi Minority | |
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| The Cairo Declaration, the Saudi Basic Law, and the al-Azhar Draft Constitution | |
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| US Policies on Religious Minorities and Developments in Afghanistan and Iraq | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Organization of Islamic Cooperation and Muslim States Resist Human Rights for Sexual Minorities | |
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| Background | |
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| Sexual Minorities in the Middle East | |
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| Contested Islamic Authority | |
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| Tensions with the West over the Treatment of Sexual Minorities | |
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| Muslim State's Objections to New UN Initiatives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Freedom of Religion in Islamic Human Rights Schemes | |
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| Controversies Regarding the Shari'a Rule on Apostasy | |
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| Muslim Countries Confront Freedom of Religion | |
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| The Contemporary Significance of Apostasy | |
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| Tabandeh's Ideas | |
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| The UIDHR | |
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| The al-Azhar Draft Constitution | |
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| The Iranian Constitution | |
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| Sudan Under Islamization | |
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| Mawdudi and Pakistani Law Affecting Religious Freedom | |
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| The Cairo Declaration and the Saudi Basic Law | |
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| The Afghan and Iraqi Constitutions | |
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| US Interventions in the Domain of Religious Freedom | |
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| Expanding the Reach of Laws Criminalizing Insults to Islam: From the Rushdie Affair to the Danish Cartoons Controversy | |
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| Summary | |
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| An Assessment of Islamic Human Rights Schemes | |
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| Excerpts from the Iranian Constitution | |
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| The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam | |
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| 2009 Resolution on Combating Defamation of Religions | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |