| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grazing Ecology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Conservation | |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Defined | |
| |
| |
| Range Management Defined | |
| |
| |
| The Rangeland Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| The Grazing Factors | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defoliation | |
| |
| |
| Coevolution of Plants and Animals | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Determining Effects of Defoliation | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Defoliation on Plant Morphology | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physiological Effects of Defoliation | |
| |
| |
| The Cycle of Nonstructural Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| TNC Production and Plant Growth | |
| |
| |
| Stimulation by Clipping | |
| |
| |
| Defoliation and Competition | |
| |
| |
| Defoliation and Overgrazing | |
| |
| |
| Other Nutritive Components | |
| |
| |
| Yield and Vigor Effects of Defoliation During Growth | |
| |
| |
| Defoliation Effects After Plant Maturity | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Defoliation Practices | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palatability, Preference, and Selective Defoliation | |
| |
| |
| Expressions of Selectivity | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Studying Selectivity | |
| |
| |
| Palatability Factors | |
| |
| |
| Preference Factors | |
| |
| |
| Vegetational Responses to Selective Grazing | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Effects of Grazing Animals | |
| |
| |
| Animal Movements | |
| |
| |
| Direct Effects on Plants | |
| |
| |
| Cryptogamic Soil Crusts | |
| |
| |
| Effects on Soil | |
| |
| |
| Desirable Trampling Effects | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Soil Compaction on Vegetation | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Physical Effects | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling | |
| |
| |
| Energy Capture | |
| |
| |
| Energy Flow | |
| |
| |
| Management by Energy Flow | |
| |
| |
| Nutrient Cycling | |
| |
| |
| The Nitrogen Cycle | |
| |
| |
| The Sulfur Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Cycles of Phosphorus and Potassium | |
| |
| |
| Management Based upon Mineral Cycling | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redistribution of Minerals by Plants and Animals | |
| |
| |
| Redistribution by Plants | |
| |
| |
| Redistribution by Large Herbivores | |
| |
| |
| Redistribution by Other Animals | |
| |
| |
| Mineral Build-up Due to Livestock Feeding | |
| |
| |
| Management Based on Mineral Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distribution of Plants by Animals | |
| |
| |
| Active Transport | |
| |
| |
| Ingestion and Spread of Fruits | |
| |
| |
| Passive Transport | |
| |
| |
| Management Implications | |
| |
| |
| Effectiveness of Plant Dispersal by Animals | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fire as an Environmental Factor | |
| |
| |
| Prehuman Sources of Fire | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Tolerance to Fire | |
| |
| |
| Fire-Type and Fire Species | |
| |
| |
| Adaptations of Plant Species to Burning | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Fire on Soil | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Fire on Animals | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Fire on Plants | |
| |
| |
| Vegetational Responses to Fire | |
| |
| |
| Fire as a Regenerative Stimulant | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Synecology | |
| |
| |
| Seven Groups of Vegetational Change | |
| |
| |
| Vegetational Change and Stability | |
| |
| |
| Range Condition and Trend | |
| |
| |
| New Directions in Range Condition Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Livestock as a Tool to Manage Range Condition | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grazing Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numbers of Animals | |
| |
| |
| Concepts and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Production per Hectare Versus per Animal | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Utilization of Forage | |
| |
| |
| Utilization Defined | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Forage Utilization | |
| |
| |
| Adjustment of Animal Numbers to Forage Supply | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Animal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Factors Influencing Animal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of Faulty Animal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Practices to Lessen Animal Concentrations | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mixed Species Grazing | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Attitudes Toward Animals | |
| |
| |
| Mixed Game Animals | |
| |
| |
| Introduction of Exotic Range Animals | |
| |
| |
| Exchange Ratios Among Animal Species | |
| |
| |
| Forage and Animal Combinations | |
| |
| |
| Cycles of Animals and Habitats | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mixed Species Management | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of Habitat Management | |
| |
| |
| Harvestable Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Animal Capture and Handling | |
| |
| |
| Game Cropping | |
| |
| |
| Game Ranching | |
| |
| |
| Game and Livestock Ranching | |
| |
| |
| Management of Mixed Species | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seasonal Management | |
| |
| |
| Seasonal Suitability | |
| |
| |
| Range Readiness | |
| |
| |
| Yearly Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Managing Within the Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Needed Information | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation of Grazing Period | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of Seasonal Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| History of Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Terminology of Seasonal Grazing Treatments | |
| |
| |
| Types of Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Operation of Grazing Plans Within the Annual Forage Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Responses to Seasonal Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Vegetational Responses | |
| |
| |
| Livestock Responses | |
| |
| |
| Soil Responses to Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Responses | |
| |
| |
| Other Benefits from Grazing Plans | |
| |
| |
| Wildlife Responses | |
| |
| |
| Positive Responses to Rotation Schedules | |
| |
| |
| Precautions in Using Rotation Schedules | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vegetation Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modification of Vegetation | |
| |
| |
| The Problem of Undesirable Plants | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Undesirable Rangeland Plants | |
| |
| |
| Demands for a Clean Environment | |
| |
| |
| Ecological Integrity of Rangeland Management | |
| |
| |
| The Vegetation | |
| |
| |
| Ecological Tactics for Vegetation Management | |
| |
| |
| Toward Flexibility for the Future | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Control of Rangeland Plants | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Specific Sites and Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Method, Time, and Intensity of Application | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Mechanical Plant Control | |
| |
| |
| Debris Arrangements | |
| |
| |
| Soil Disturbances | |
| |
| |
| Plant Kill | |
| |
| |
| Herbage Increase After Brush Removal | |
| |
| |
| Costs of Mechanical Brush Control | |
| |
| |
| Appearance of the Altered Landscape | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Control of Rangeland Plants | |
| |
| |
| Approval of Herbicides | |
| |
| |
| Major Chemicals Used as Rangeland Herbicides | |
| |
| |
| Application | |
| |
| |
| Hazards | |
| |
| |
| Responses of Rangeland Plant Communities to Herbicides | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prescribed Fire in Rangeland Management | |
| |
| |
| Fire Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Fire Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Responses to Burning During Certain Seasons | |
| |
| |
| Temporary or Permanent Effects? | |
| |
| |
| Objectives in the Use of Fire | |
| |
| |
| Prescribed Burning | |
| |
| |
| Reluctance to Use Prescribed Fire | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Control | |
| |
| |
| Practices | |
| |
| |
| Risk | |
| |
| |
| Successes and Problems | |
| |
| |
| Grazing Animals | |
| |
| |
| Developing Plant Resistance | |
| |
| |
| The Future of Biological Control | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seeding of Rangelands | |
| |
| |
| Deciding to Seed | |
| |
| |
| The Seeding Operation | |
| |
| |
| Regional Seeding Practices | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Fertilization | |
| |
| |
| Widespread Fertilizer Problems | |
| |
| |
| Responses to Fertilization | |
| |
| |
| Is Rangeland Fertilization Profitable? | |
| |
| |
| Management of Fertilized Areas | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil and Water Conservation | |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Soil Conditions | |
| |
| |
| The Erosion Process | |
| |
| |
| Recognition of Erosion | |
| |
| |
| Erosion Control with Cover | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Structures to Control Water Erosion | |
| |
| |
| Sand Control | |
| |
| |
| Windbreaks and Shelterbelts | |
| |
| |
| Water Harvesting Practices | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Managing Rangeland Complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reclamation of Damaged Rangeland | |
| |
| |
| Overlapping Terms | |
| |
| |
| Goals | |
| |
| |
| Reclamation in the Ecosystem Context | |
| |
| |
| The Reclamation Process on Mine Spoil | |
| |
| |
| Rangeland Roads | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Riparian Areas and Pollution: Best Management Practices | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Riparian | |
| |
| |
| Riparian Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Grazing Management of Riparian Zones | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Structures to Improve Riparian Habitats | |
| |
| |
| Successful Riparian Management | |
| |
| |
| Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Best Management Practices (BMP) | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Use | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Land Uses | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Use Principles and Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Use Practices and Management | |
| |
| |
| Selling a Multiple-Use Management Program | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Stewardship Program | |
| |
| |
| Coordinated Resource Management Planning (CRMP) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planning for Rangeland Management | |
| |
| |
| Planning | |
| |
| |
| The Operating Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
| Selecting the Parts of a Range Improvement Program | |
| |
| |
| Intensity of the Practice | |
| |
| |
| Selecting Rangeland Products | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decision Support Systems | |
| |
| |
| Multiprocess Models | |
| |
| |
| Combining Rangeland Resource Models | |
| |
| |
| Precautions in Applying Models and Simulation | |
| |
| |
| Accumulation of Data-Sets | |
| |
| |
| Issues and Values of Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific and Common Names of Plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific and Common Names of Animals | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Book and Authors | |