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| Prefaces | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social class, student achievement, and the black-white achievement gap | |
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| The legacy of the Coleman report | |
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| Some common misunderstandings about the gap | |
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| Genetic influences | |
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| Social class differences in childrearing | |
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| Cultural influences on achievement, and black underachievement | |
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| Health differences and school performance | |
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| Housing and student mobility | |
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| Social class differences between blacks and whites with similar incomes | |
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| Does culture or social class explain the black-white achievement gap? | |
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| Summer and after-school learning | |
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| Schools that 'beat the demographic odds' | |
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| The success of some poor children doesn't mean that poverty doesn't matter | |
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| Dr. William Sanders and the Tennessee value-added assessment system | |
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| The Heritage Foundation's 'no excuses' schools | |
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| The Education Trust's 'high-flying' schools | |
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| '90/90/90' schools, and Boston's Mather School | |
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| Pentagon schools | |
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| Rafe Esquith, KIPP, and affirmative action programs like AVID | |
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| Standardized testing and cognitive skills | |
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| Standardized tests' imperfect description of the gap | |
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| Defining proficiency | |
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| Alignment of tests, standards, and instruction | |
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| The inaccuracy of tests that hold schools accountable for closing the gap | |
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| The social class gap in non-cognitive skills | |
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| The goals of education, including non-cognitive goals | |
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| The anti-social score gap | |
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| Affirmative action's evidence of leadership: Bowen-Bok and the 'four percenters' | |
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| Persistence in school, self-confidence, and adult earnings | |
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| Complementing school curricula with civil rights enforcement | |
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| Testing integrity, personality, and employability | |
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| Civic and democratic participation | |
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| Perry Preschool, Head Start, and Project Star | |
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| Comparing school and social reform to improve cognitive and non-cognitive skills | |
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| Reforms that could help narrow the gap | |
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| School integration, and Sen. Moynihan's call for making choices | |
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| Income inequality | |
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| Stable housing | |
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| School-community clinics | |
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| Early childhood education | |
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| After-school programs | |
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| Summer programs | |
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| The dangers of false expectations, and adequacy suits | |
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| Teacher morale | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| What employers say about graduates | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About EPI | |
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| About Teachers College | |
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| EPI publications | |