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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| An Overview of Design and Development Research | |
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| The Need for Design and Development Research | |
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| Design and Development as a Science | |
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| The Design and Development Knowledge Base and Its Foundations | |
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| Design and Development Research and the Advancement of the Field | |
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| The Scope of Design and Development Research | |
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| Research on Product and Tool Design and Development | |
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| Research on Design and Development Models | |
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| The Outcomes of Product and Tool Research and Model Research | |
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| The Unique Role of Design and Development Research | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Identifying Design and Development Research Problems | |
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| Guidelines for Selecting a Research Problem | |
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| Sources of Design and Development Research Problems | |
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| Problems from the Workplace | |
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| Problems Related to Emerging Technology | |
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| Problems Related to Design and Development Theory | |
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| Using the Literature to Identify and Refine a Research Problem | |
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| The Role of Literature in Problem Identification | |
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| Sources for a Literature Review in Design and Development | |
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| Focusing the Design and Development Research Problem | |
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| Transforming Research Problems into Research Questions | |
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| Determining the Parameters of the Study | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Identifying and Focusing the Problem of a Design and Development Study | |
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| Design and Development Research Methodology | |
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| The Nature of Research Design | |
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| Establishing Validity | |
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| Facilitating Notions of Causality | |
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| Facilitating Generalization and Interpretation | |
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| Anticipating and Avoiding Problems | |
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| Components of a Research Design | |
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| The Characteristics of Design and Development Research Methodology | |
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| Commonly Used Design and Development Research Methods and Strategies | |
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| Mixed and Multiple Methods Research | |
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| Matching Research Methods and Questions | |
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| Classifying Design and Development Research Goals | |
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| Matching Research Purposes and Methods | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Matching Design and Development Research Questions and Methods | |
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| Product and Tool Research: Methods and Strategies | |
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| Strategies of Product Development Research | |
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| A Representative Mixed Methods Case Study | |
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| A Representative Multiple Qualitative Methods Study | |
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| Strategies of Program Development Research | |
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| A Representative Program Evaluation Study | |
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| Strategies for Research on Design and Development Phases | |
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| A Representative Mixed Methods Study of Formative Evaluation | |
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| A Representative Multiple Quantitative Methods Study of Integrated Evaluation | |
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| Strategies for Research on Tool Development and Use | |
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| A Representative Tool Development Case Study | |
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| A Representative Tool Use Study | |
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| A Summary of Product and Tool Research Designs | |
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| Unique Product and Tool Research Design Concerns | |
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| Researcher-Participant Dual Roles | |
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| Research in a Natural Work Environment | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Addressing Common Concerns of Product and Tool Research Design | |
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| Model Research: Methods and Strategies | |
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| Strategies of Model Development Research | |
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| A Representative Multiple Qualitative Methods Study | |
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| A Representative Mixed Methods Study | |
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| Strategies of Model Validation Research | |
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| A Representative Expert Review Study | |
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| A Representative Usability Documentation Study | |
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| A Representative Investigation of Component Variables | |
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| A Representative Field-Evaluation Study | |
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| A Representative Controlled Testing Study | |
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| Strategies of Model Use Research | |
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| A Representative Expertise Study Using Think-Aloud Strategies | |
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| A Representative Designer Decision-Making Study Using In-Depth Interviews | |
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| A Representative Qualitative Study of Conditions Impacting Model Use | |
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| A Summary of Model Research Designs | |
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| Unique Model Research Design Concerns | |
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| Working with Recall Data | |
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| Research in Multiple Natural Work Environments | |
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| Distinguishing Participant Characteristics | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Addressing Common Concerns of Model Research Design | |
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| Selecting Participants and Settings | |
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| Selecting the Setting of the Study | |
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| Types of Settings and Their Characteristics | |
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| Matching Settings to Research Questions | |
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| Practical Issues in Setting Selection | |
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| Selecting the Participants of the Study | |
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| Types of Participants | |
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| Sampling Participants | |
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| Participant and Setting Solutions from the Design and Development Literature | |
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| Participants and Settings in Product and Tool Research | |
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| Participants and Settings in Model Research | |
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| Ethical Consideration for the Protection of Participants | |
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| Getting Approval to Conduct Research | |
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| Obtaining Informed Consent | |
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| Avoiding Coercion | |
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| Maintaining Confidentiality and Ensuring Anonymity | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Selecting Participants and Settings in a Design and Development Study | |
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| Collecting Design and Development Research Data | |
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| Critical Design and Development Research Data | |
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| Profile Data | |
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| Context Data | |
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| In-Progress Project Data | |
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| Try-Out Data | |
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| Data Collection Instruments | |
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| Work Logs | |
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| Surveys and Questionnaires | |
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| Interview Protocols | |
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| Observation Guides | |
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| Technology-Based Data Collection Strategies | |
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| Web-Based Data Collection | |
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| Software-Based Data Collection | |
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| Laboratory-Based Data Collection | |
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| Data Collection Issues | |
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| Ensuring Data Integrity | |
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| Establishing Appropriate Data Sets | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Collecting Data in a Design and Development Study | |
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| Interpreting Design and Development Findings | |
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| The Contributions of Design and Development Research | |
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| Expanding the Design and Development Knowledge Base | |
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| Creating the Foundations for Design and Development Theory | |
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| Creating the Foundations for Future Research | |
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| Interpreting Product and Tool Research Findings | |
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| Lessons Learned about Product and Tool Design and Development Processes | |
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| Lessons Learned about Product and Tool Use | |
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| Interpreting Model Research Findings | |
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| Understanding Model Development Findings | |
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| Understanding Model Validation Findings | |
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| Understanding Model Use Findings | |
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| Interpretation Issues | |
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| Generalizations and Project-Specific Data | |
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| The Impact of Organizational Concerns | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| A Checklist for Interpreting Findings of Design and Development Research | |
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| The Status and Future of Design and Development Research | |
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| The Expansion of Design and Development Research | |
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| Alternative Approaches to Design and Development Research | |
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| New Opportunities for Design and Development Research | |
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| Conditions that Facilitate Design and Development Research | |
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| Dissatisfaction with Existing Research Orientations | |
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| Knowledge of the Innovation | |
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| Availability of Resources | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |