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| Preface | |
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| Language Variation in America | |
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| Issues and Definitions | |
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| Popular Meanings of Dialect | |
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| Accent and Dialect | |
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| Levels of Language Differences | |
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| Sources of Dialect Difference: Region and Social Class | |
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| Language Standards | |
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| Language, Logic, and Language Complexity | |
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| Standard English | |
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| Dialects and Understanding | |
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| Deficit Versus Difference | |
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| Cultural Differences | |
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| Multiple Dialects in Schools | |
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| Language Attitudes in Society | |
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| Dialect Change in the United States | |
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| Further Study | |
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| Exploring Dialects | |
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| Dialect Study | |
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| Considering Social Factors | |
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| Examining Particular Patterns | |
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| Variation in Linguistic Systems | |
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| Pronunciation Differences | |
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| Regional Dialects | |
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| Social Dialects | |
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| Grammar Differences | |
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| Suffixes | |
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| Other Differences in the Verb System | |
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| Other Grammatical Differences | |
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| Illustrative Dialect Samples | |
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| Appalachian Ghost Story | |
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| Wild Life | |
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| Notes on Transcripts | |
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| Vocabulary Differences | |
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| Vocabulary Matters Across Dialects | |
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| African American English | |
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| The Origins of African American English | |
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| The Changing State of African American English | |
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| Dialect or Language? | |
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| Further Study | |
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| Social Interaction | |
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| Conversational Politeness | |
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| Making Meaning | |
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| Cooperation in Communicating | |
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| The Role of Context in Making Meaning | |
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| Figurative Language in Context | |
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| Language Rituals | |
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| Conversational Misadventures | |
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| Cultural Styles in the Classroom | |
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| Understanding Students' Language Behavior | |
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| Researching Classroom Interaction | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Living With Language Behavior Differences | |
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| Classroom Rules | |
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| Further Study | |
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| Interpreting Language Difference | |
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| Perceptions of Language Standards | |
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| Are Students' Language Skills Declining? | |
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| Diversity and Test Scores | |
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| Differences and Disorders | |
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| Language at Home and at School | |
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| Early Literacy | |
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| Dialect Differences and Curriculum Content | |
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| Further Study | |
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| Oral Language Instruction | |
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| Standard English and Social Reality | |
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| Group Reference and Dialect Learning | |
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| Positions on Dialects and Dialect Education | |
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| Policy Development | |
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| Curriculum Development | |
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| Methods of Teaching Spoken Standard English | |
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| Promoting Language Development | |
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| Further Study | |
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| Dialects and Writing | |
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| Oral and Written Language | |
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| Vernacular Dialect and Writing | |
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| Vernacular Influence in Writing | |
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| Difference and Error in Written Language | |
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| Teaching Writing | |
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| Editing | |
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| Approaches to Editing | |
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| Peer Editing | |
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| Writing in the Vernacular Dialect | |
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| Choosing the Vernacular | |
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| Dialogue Journals | |
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| Assessment of Writing Ability | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Language Variation and Reading | |
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| Written Language and Spoken Language | |
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| What Do Teachers Need to Know About Dialects to Teach Reading? | |
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| Language Form | |
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| Beyond Language Form | |
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| Teaching Children to Relate Sound and Print | |
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| Effects of Dialect Differences on Reading Aloud | |
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| Dialects and Meaning-Based Reading Instruction | |
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| Teaching Children to Comprehend Text | |
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| Vocabulary | |
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| Comprehension Strategies | |
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| Background Knowledge and Comprehension | |
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| Reading Materials and Dialect Differences | |
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| Matching Materials and Dialects | |
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| Dialect Readers | |
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| Language Experience | |
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| Vernacular Dialect for Rhetorical Purpose | |
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| Reading and the Acquisition of Standard English | |
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| The Social Context of Reading | |
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| Reading Tests and Dialect Differences | |
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| Pronunciation, Grammar, and Vocabulary Differences | |
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| Background Knowledge | |
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| Other Fairness Factors | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Dialect Awareness for Students | |
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| Resources for Learning About Dialects | |
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| Working With Data | |
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| Dialect Awareness | |
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| Introduction to Language Diversity | |
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| Levels of Dialect | |
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| The Patterning of Dialect | |
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| Language Change | |
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| Implementing Dialect Awareness Curricula | |
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| Further Study | |
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| An Inventory of Distinguishing Dialect Features | |
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| Phonological Features | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Grammatical Features | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Negation | |
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| Nouns and Pronouns | |
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| Other Grammatical Structures | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |