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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structural Equation Models: The Basics | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| The General Structural Equation Model | |
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| The General EQS Structural Equation Model | |
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| Using the EQS Program | |
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| Components of the EQS Input File | |
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| The Concept of Model Identification | |
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| Creating the EQS Input File | |
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| Building an Input File Manually | |
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| Building an Input File Interactively Using BUILD_EQS | |
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| Building an Input File Graphically Using the DIAGRAMMER | |
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| The EQS Output File in General | |
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| EQS Error Messages | |
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| Overview of Remaining Chapters | |
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| Single-Group Analyses | |
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| Application 1: Testing for the Factorial Validity of a Theoretical Construct (First-Order CFA Model) | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Model Specification and Analysis Summary | |
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| Model Assessment | |
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| Model Misspecification | |
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| Post Hoc Analyses | |
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| Application 2: Testing for the Factorial Validity of Scores From a Measuring Instrument (First-Order CFA Model) | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Post Hoc Analyses | |
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| Application 3: Testing for the Factorial Validity of Scores From a Measuring Instrument (Second-Order CFA Model) | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| Analysis of Categorical Data | |
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| Categorical Variables Analyzed as Continuous Variables | |
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| Categorical Variables Analyzed as Categorical Variables | |
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| Analyses Based on Data Regarded as Categorical | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Post Hoc Analyses | |
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| Analyses Based on Data Regarded as Continuous | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Application 4: Testing for the Validity of a Causal Structure | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| Formulation of Indicator Variables | |
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| Confirmatory Factor Analyses | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Post Hoc Analyses | |
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| Multiple-Group Analyses | |
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| Application 5: Testing for the Factorial Invariance of a Measuring Instrument | |
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| Testing for Multigroup Invariance | |
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| Testing for Invariance Across Independent Samples | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Other Considerations in Testing for Multiple Group Invariance | |
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| Application 6: Testing for the Invariance of a Causal Structure | |
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| Cross-Validation in SEM | |
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| Testing for Invariance Across Calibration/Validation Samples | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Application 7: Testing for Latent Mean Differences (First-Order CFA Model) | |
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| Basic Concepts Underlying Tests of Latent Mean Structures | |
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| Modeling Mean Structures in EQS | |
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| Testing for Latent Mean Differences of a First-Order CFA Model | |
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| The Strategy | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Application 8: Testing for Latent Mean Differences (Second-Order CFA Model) | |
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| Testing for Latent Mean Differences of a Second-Order Model | |
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| The Strategy | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| Other Important Topics | |
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| Application 9: Testing for Construct Validity: The Multitrait-Multimethod Model | |
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| The General CFA Approach to MTMM Analyses | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| The Correlated Uniqueness Approach to MTMM Analyses | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Application 10: Testing for Change Over Time: The Latent Growth Curve Model | |
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| Measuring Change in Individual Growth Over Time: The General Notion | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| Modeling Intraindividual Change | |
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| Modeling Inter-individual Differences in Change | |
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| Testing for Inter-individual Differences in Change | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Gender as a Time-Invariant Predictor of Change | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| Application 11: Testing for Within- and Between-Level Variance: The Multilevel Model | |
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| Overview of Multilevel Modeling | |
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| Single-Level Analyses of Hierarchically Structured Data: Related Problems | |
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| Multiple Level Analyses of Hierarchically Structured Data: Multilevel Modeling | |
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| The Hypothesized Model | |
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| The EQS Input File | |
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| The EQS Output File | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |